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Physio II > Water Balance > Flashcards

Water Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Describe water.

A

-neutral charge (proton=electron)
-electrons asymmetric = polar = one end pos & other neg
-hydrogen bonds

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2
Q

Describe a solution, solute, & solvent.

A

Solution = substance dissolved in liquid
Solute = dissolved substance
Solvent = liquid

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3
Q

Describe hydrophilic VS hydrophobic.

A
  1. Hydrophilic
    -dissolve
    -water surrounds ions & polar molecules
    -attract water thru electrical charge
  2. Hydrophobic
    -non polar bonds
    -insoluble in water
    -hydrocarbons = C-H bonds
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4
Q

Describe ECF & ICF.

A

*60% body weight is water
-ECF = 20% body weight
>plasma, interstitial fluid, transcellular water (1%)
-ICF = 40% body weight

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5
Q

Describe transcellular water.

A

-1%
-localized to: lymph, CSF, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, endolymph/perilymph, pleural/pericardial/peritoneal, glomerular filtrate
-doesn’t reflect changes in dehydration & doesnt affect fluid balance

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6
Q

Describe water balance.

A

*amount of water lost = amount water gained
Intake:
-ingested liquid/food, metabolic water
Loss:
-urine, sweat, lungs (water vapor), GI tract (feces)
EX: increased H2O intake during lactation in cows bc of increased milk production

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7
Q

Describe electrolytes.

A

-dissociated into ions when dissolved
-able to conduct electricity
-cell metabolism
-osmotic movement of water
-maintain acid base balance (H+)
-maintain membrane & action potentials

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8
Q

Describe the 5 electrolytes.

A
  1. Ca
    -bone & teeth
    -blood cog
    -neural transmission
    -muscle contraction
    -PM & cell to cell junctions
    -activate enzymes
    -messenger
  2. Cl
    -form HCl in stomach
    -nerve impulses
  3. Mg
    -enzyme activation
    -neuromuscular transmission
  4. K
    -regulate water & electrolyte
    -nerve impulses
    -acid base balance
  5. Na
    -fluid vol reg
    -increase PM permeability
    -control water distribution
    -acid base balance
    -nerve impulse
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9
Q

Describe cations VS anions.

A

Extracellular cation = Na+, Ca+
Extracellular anion = Cl-, HCO3-
Intracellular cation = K+, Mg+
Intracellular anion = phos, protein

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10
Q

Describe homeostasis & water balance.

A

-homeostatic mechanisms respond to changes in the ECF
-receptors detect changes in composition/volume = endocrine response
-physiological adjustments regulated by hormones
-hormone-mediated responses affect balance between dietary absorption & urinary excretion of water

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11
Q

Describe concentration differences.

A
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12
Q

Describe osmolality.

A

-amount of solute per unit of solvent
-electroneutrality = total number of all cations and anions in body fluids are equal
-tonicity = ability of a solution to initiate water movement between ECF & ICF

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13
Q

Describe what the movement of water is controlled by.

A
  1. Hydrostatic pressure = pressure against inside of blood vessel (increase in HP = increase in BP)
  2. Colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure) =
    Proteins in blood that pull fluid back into the capillary
    *factors that affect net hydrostatic/oncotic pressure = alter fluid distribution in ECF
    *changes in conc of solutes in plasma/interstitial fluid = affect water distribution
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14
Q

Describe the osmolality relationship with the ECF.

A
  1. If osmolality of ECF increases (lose water, retain electrolytes) = hypertonic ICF -> water moves from cells to ECF
  2. If osmolality of ECF decreases (gain water without electrolytes) = hypotonic ICF -> water moves from ECF into cell
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15
Q

What are the 3 hormones that regulate fluid imbalances?

A

-ADH
-Aldosterone
-ANP

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16
Q

Describe antidiuretic hormone. (ADH)

A

-osmoreceptors (neurons that secrete ADH) in hypothalamus monitor osmotic conc of ECF
-neurons located in anterior hypothalamus but axons release ADH in in posterior pituitary
-rate of ADH release varies w osmolarity
>higher osmolarity = higher ADH

17
Q

Describe the effects of ADH.

A

-water reabsorption by kidneys (urine)
-thirst center = fluid intake
-vasoconstriction at high conc
-increase arterial blood volume
-regulate BP

18
Q

Describe aldosterone.

A

-secreted by adrenal cortex
-activated by RAAS
-determines rate of Na absorption in kidneys
-higher aldosterone = more kidneys conserve Na (increase sodium channels absorption)
-secretion of aldosterone not directly influenced by Na but by K+
*increase K+ = increase aldosterone -> kidneys eliminate excess K+ (increase K+ excretion)

19
Q

Describe atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).

A

-released by cardiac muscle due to stretching of atrial wall by high BP
-goal: response to normalize BP & reduce stretching by increasing water elimination & sodium in urine

20
Q

Describe the ANP in the kidneys & nephron.

A

Kidneys:
-vasodilation of afferent arteriole of glomerulus -vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole
>increases renal blood flow & glomerular filtration rate
>increased filtration & inhibition of reabsorption = increase in excretion of water & urine volume (DIURESIS)
Nephron:
-collecting duct
-reduce reabsorption of Na
>sodium in filtrate is excreted in urine (NATURESIS)
>inhibits Na/H exchange in proximal tubule & Na/H reabsorption in distal tubule (both enhance Na excretion)

21
Q

Describe the functions of ANP.

A

-reduce BP
-increase water loss
-reduce thirst
-block release of ADH
-stimulate peripheral vasodilation
*ANP effect are opposed to Angiotensin II

22
Q

Describe edema.

A

*presence of excess fluid in tissue (ECF)
Intracellular =
-hyponatremia (low Na)
-depressed metabolic system of cell
-reduced nutrition of cell (ischemia)
-inflammation
Extracellular =
-leakage from plasma to interstitial space
-lymphedema
-increased capillary pressure
-decreased plasma proteins
-increased capillary permeability
-blockage of lymph return

23
Q

Describe diabetes.

A

*kidneys cant concentrate urine normally = lg amount of dilated urine
1. Diabetes insipidus centralis
-lack of ADH synthesis in hypothalamus from posterior pituitary (tumors, brain damage)
2. Diabetes insipidus renalis (nephrogenic)
-ADH produced but can’t act in kidney (kidney disease, toxins)
*polyuria, polydipsia, nocturia

24
Q

Describe water losses 2 categories.

A
  1. Insensible water loss = water loss cant be regulated or measured
    -exhaled air
    -diffusion from skin (not sweat)
  2. Sensible water loss = volume that can be measured
    -sweat
    -urine
    -feces
25
Q

Describe osmoregulation & ECF relationship.

A

Water loss (hypovolemia) increases the ECF osmolality = ADH release
*decrease in ECF osmolality (Na+ loss or infusion of lg volume of water) = hypotonic
*ECF osmolality controlled by central osmoreceptors located in circumventricular organs

26
Q

Describe dehydration VS over hydration.

A

Dehydration:
-hyper tonic = water loss exceeds electrolyte loss (increase osmolality)
-hypotonic = loss of electrolytes exceeds loss of water (decrease osmolality)
Overhydration: (hypervolemia)
-hypertonic = gain of electrolytes exceeds gains of water (increase osmolality)
-hypotonic = gain of water & electrolytes unchanged ‘water intoxication’ (decrease osmolality)

27
Q

Describe what stimulates the thirst center.

A

*in hypothalamus
1. High plasma osmolality
2. Reduced blood volume
3. Reduced BP
4. High angiotensin II level s
5. Dry mouth

28
Q

Describe micturition.

A

-urine goes to bladder via peristalsis
-bladder = sm muscle ‘detrusor muscle’
-pelvic n (parasympathetic) afferent goes to spinal cord
>a-delta bladder afferents detect passive distension
-hypogastric n (sympathetic) = relax detrusor m
-pudendal n (somatic motor) = constrict external urethral sphincter (striated m)

29
Q

Describe micturition steps.

A

-filling of bladder
-detrusor muscle stretched
-sensory signals reach spinal cord -> micturition center (pons) -> thalamus -> CC
-activate micturition reflex = pelvic n causes detrusor m to contract & relax urethra -> internal & external sphincter open & urine exits the body

30
Q

Describe the receptors of micturition.

A
  1. Pelvic n
    -para post axons
    -release ACh
    -bladder contraction via M3 receptor -> NO -> relaxes urtheral smooth m
  2. Hypogastric n
    -sym post neurons
    -release NA
    -activates B3 adrenergic receptor = relax bladder
    -activates a1 adrenergic receptor = contract urethral sm muscle
  3. Pudendal n
    -somatic axon
    -release ACh
    -activate nicotinic cholinergic receptor
    -contracts external sphincter (striated)
31
Q

Describe what happens when you distend your bladder.

A

-stimulates sym hypogastric n & pudendal n to contract external sphincter & detrusor m to relax

32
Q

Describe what happens when you have a full bladder.

A

-pelvic n activates pontine micturition center
-para n signal sent to bladder & uretheral sm muscle
-inhibits sympathetic & somatic signals to the urethral outlet

Physio II (13 decks)

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