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Water Exam Class B > Water Exam Class B > Flashcards

Water Exam Class B Flashcards

1
Q

Eutrophication in surface water sources is caused by elevated concentrations of what two things?

A

Nitrogen and phosphorus

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2
Q

Lake “turnover” occurs when water cools off during what season?

A

Fall

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3
Q

Alum is used as a what?

A

Coagulant

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4
Q

The most common forms of alkalinity in natural water are what?

A

Bicarbonate and carbonate

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5
Q

Non-carbonate hardness in water includes what?

A

CaCl2

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6
Q

If you increased the pH by 2 units, it would ___________ the hydrogen ion concentration by _____ times.

A

Decrease, 100

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7
Q

What treatment chemical will raise the pH?

A

Lime

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8
Q

The dominant form of natural alkalinity at pH less than 8.3 is what?

A

Bicarbonate

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9
Q

The pH of a sample should be measured when?

A

Immediately after collection

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10
Q

The Total Coliform Test vial contains a chemical preservative that destroys what?

A

The chlorine residual

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11
Q

What health problems are caused by lead in the drinking water, and what is the action level established in the lead and copper rule?

A

Central nervous system disorders, 0.015 mg/L

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12
Q

Treatment to reduce corrosiveness of water to lead includes raising the what?

A

pH

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13
Q

The Filter Backwash Recycle Rule is intended to minimize potential health risks associated with recycling backwash water particularly with respect to what?

A

Cryptosporidium

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14
Q

The Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment rule established levels of disinfection based on the concentration of what found in the source water?

A

Cryptosporidium

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15
Q

Source water sampling is triggered by the Ground Water Rule when an unsafe _________ __________ _________ sample is obtained.

A

Total Coliform Rule

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16
Q

The Surface Water Treatment Rule requires that the turbidity of the combined filter effluent water is less than or equal to _____ in at least _____ of the measurements taken each month.

A

0.5 NTU, 95%

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17
Q

The Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule and Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment rule allowed 99% Cryptosporidium removal credit to be achieved when the combined filter effluent water is less than or equal to _______ in at least ______ of measurements taken each month.

A

0.3 NTU, 95%

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18
Q

The charge on a particle measured at the shear surface is called the what?

A

Zeta potential

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19
Q

Clay particles typically have a _____________ charge due to the imperfections in the clay structure.

A

Negative

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20
Q

Charge neutralization, sweep floc, and interpartical bridging are all what?

A

Coagulant mechanism

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21
Q

The coagulation mechanism accomplished with polymer coagulants is what?

A

Interparticle bridging

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22
Q

Alum and Ferric chloride coagulants do not raise the what?

A

pH

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23
Q

The polymer charge that would be selected to coagulate a clay suspension is what?

A

Cationic +

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24
Q

When viewing jar test results the coagulant dosage that would be chosen for trial in a full scale water plant is the __________ dosage with the best ______________.

A

Lowest, turbidity

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25
Q

Organic matter can be effectively removed by coagulation because it is _____________ charged and is co-precipitated or ___________ by the coagulant.

A

Negatively, absorbed

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26
Q

Optimizing coagulation to remove TOC is called what?

A

Enhanced coagulation

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27
Q

Organic matter removal in lime softening works best with what two things?

A

High pH with magnesium removal

28
Q

A complete mix flow regime is desired for what two things?

A

Chemical feed and mixing

29
Q

When the water remains in the process tank for an amount of time equal to the theoretical detention time, the process is exhibiting what?

A

Plug flow

30
Q

One advantage of static mixers is that they require what?

A

Little maintenance

31
Q

A measure of power input per unit volume of a mixing system is what?

A

Mean velocity gradient

32
Q

Detention time in a back mix reactor for chemical mixing a coagulant is usually what?

A

1 minute or less

33
Q

Decreasing the G-Value in successive stages of flocculation is called what?

A

Tapered flocculation

34
Q

Typical G-values in flocculation range between what?

A

25 and 75 /sec

35
Q

The settling velocity of the slowest settling particle that is 100% removed in a clarifier is equivalent to the what?

A

Surface overflow rate

36
Q

A typical surface overflow rate for alum clarification is what?

A

800 gpd/ft2

37
Q

If solids are carrying over the weir in a clarifier the flow through the basin may have ___________ the design flow.

A

Exceeded

38
Q

Typical loading rates for a rapid rate granular media filters range from what?

A

2 to 4 gpm/ft2

39
Q

Water backwash, surface wash, and air and water backwash are all options for what?

A

Filter backwash

40
Q

What uses a valve on the discharge side of the filter to control the flow rate?

A

Effluent rate control

41
Q

What eliminates the initial effluent turbidity spike when starting a filter after a backwash?

A

Filter to waste

42
Q

A common way to prevent air binding would be to do what more frequently?

A

Backwash

43
Q

Ultra filter pore sizes are in the range of what?

A

0.01 to 0.05 microns

44
Q

Nanofilters can remove what two things?

A

Calcium, natural organic matter (TOC)

45
Q

A required test conducted daily to determine if broken fibers exist in a microfilter is called a what?

A

Direct integrity test

46
Q

Under a constant feed pressure, as raw water temperature decreases, the flux through a polymeric membrane will what?

A

Decrease

47
Q

A Clean In Place (CIP) procedure for an RO membrane to remove inorganic scaling will normally be accomplished with what?

A

Strong acid

48
Q

Calcium carbonate hardness is removed by ______________ by raising the pH to convert bicarbonate to ______________, the precipitate is _________.

A

Precipitation, carbonate, CaCO3

49
Q

Magnesium hardness is precipitated as what?

A

Mg(OH)2

50
Q

Which treatment objective is not achieved in the lime softening process?

A

Sulfate removal

51
Q

From a chemical cost perspective, the most expensive hardness to remove by lime - soda precipitation softening is what?

A

Magnesium non-carbonate hardness

52
Q

Recarbonation after lime softening lowers the pH so that the water is slightly over saturated with respect to what?

A

Calcium carbonate

53
Q

Iron is groundwater is what?

A

Dissolved, reduced

54
Q

The secondary standard for manganese is what?

A

0.05 mg/L

55
Q

At the natural pH of ground water, manganese is most rapidly oxidized with what?

A

Permanganate

56
Q

Greensand filters routinely include a layer of what above the greensand?

A

Anthracite

57
Q

Greensand filters are regenerated using what?

A

Permanganate

58
Q

Disinfection with what adds acid to the water and can lower water pH?

A

Gas chlorine

59
Q

To optimize monochloramine formation, the chlorine to ammonia ratio should be what?

A

5:1

60
Q

What is a very weak disinfectant?

A

Chloramine

61
Q

Free chlorine disinfection is more effective at a pH < 7.5 due to a greater percentage of ________ in the residual.

A

HOCL, hypochlorous acid

62
Q

Organic matter reacts with free chlorine to form what?

A

THM (Trihalomethanes), HAA (Haloacetic acids)

63
Q

THM (trihalomethanes) formation potential increases as the pH what?

A

Increases

64
Q

The time used to calculate CT (concentration time) is the detention time between the chlorine application point and the what?

A

First user

65
Q

A disinfection byproduct that can form when ozone is used as the disinfectant is what?

A

Bromate

Water Exam Class B (1 decks)

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