Water Losses - Infiltration - Stream Flow

Question 1

Some of the rain that falls evaporates back into the atmosphere, and some of it hits the ground.

Answer 1

Hydrologic Losses

Question 2

The rainfall that does not contribute to direct runoff

Answer 2

hydrological loss

Question 3

Hydrologic Losses Types (?)

Answer 3

Interception
Depression storage
evaporation/Evapotranspiration
Infilitration

Question 4

IL

Answer 4

Initial loss

Question 5

CL

Answer 5

Continuing loss

Question 6

PL

Answer 6

Proportional loss

Question 7

the amount of rainfall that occurs before the start of the runoff

Answer 7

IL (Initial loss)

Question 8

the average rate of loss in mm/hr throughout the remainder of the rainfall event

Answer 8

Continuing loss (CL)

Question 9

assumed to be a fixed proportion of the storm rainfall

Answer 9

Proportional loss (PL)

Question 10

the process of entering rain water in to soil strata of earth

Answer 10

Infiltration

Question 11

The infiltrated water first meets the soil mositure deficiency if any & excess water moves vertically downwards to reach the groundwater table. This vertical movements is called

Answer 11

Percolation

Question 12

the maximum rate at which it is capable of absorbing water and is denoted by f

Answer 12

infiltration capacity

Question 13

For dry soil, infiltration rate (f) is

Answer 13

more

Question 14

For moist soil, infiltration rate (f) is

Answer 14

less

Question 15

maximum rate of water absorption by soil

Answer 15

Infiltration Capacity

Question 16

maximum capacity of water absorption by soil

Answer 16

Field Capacity

Question 17

the rate at which soil is able to absorb rainfall or irrigation

Answer 17

Infiltration Rate

Question 18

Infiltration Rate is measured

Answer 18

mm/hr or inches/hr

Question 19

is used for measurement of infiltration

Answer 19

Infiltrometer

Question 20

if i>f ___ occurs

Answer 20

runoff

Question 21

Infiltration rate is connected to

Answer 21

hydraulic conductivity

Question 22

The steeper the slope (gradient), the ___ the infiltration or seepage

Answer 22

less

Question 23

the percentage of open space (pores and cracks) in a earth surface

Answer 23

Porosity

Question 24

The greater the porosity, the ___ the amount of infiltration

Answer 24

greater

Question 25

The more saturated the loose Earth materials are, the ___ the infiltration

Answer 25

less

Question 26

The clay surface soils are compacted by the impact of rain drops which reduce infiltration

Answer 26

Compaction

Question 27

Grasses, trees, and other plant types capture falling precipitation on leaves and branches, keeping that water from being absorbed into the Earth & take more time to reach in to the ground

Answer 27

Vegetation

Question 28

More vegetation, ___ the infiltration

Answer 28

slower

Question 29

Roads, parking lots, and buildings create surfaces that are not longer permeable

Answer 29

Land Use

Question 30

More land use, ___ the infiltration

Answer 30

less

Question 31

At high temperature viscosity decreases and infiltration _____

Answer 31

increases

Question 32

in summer, infiltration ___

Answer 32

increases

Question 33

in winter, infiltration ___

Answer 33

decreases

Question 34

As the water content increases, the soil mass gradually starts to behave like a ___ liquid

Answer 34

viscous

Question 35

a device used to measure the rate of water infiltration into soil

Answer 35

Infiltrometer

Question 36

Types of Infiltrometer

Answer 36

Flooding Type Infiltrometer Rainfall Simulators Single Ring Infiltrometer Double Ring Infiltrometer

Question 37

part of the hydrologic cycle that can be measured accurately

Answer 37

Stream Flow

Question 38

defined as a flow channel into which the surface runoff from specified basin drains

Answer 38

stream

Question 39

Stream flow is measured in units of discharge (___)

Answer 39

m^3/s

Question 40

water travelling over the ground and collecting in a body of water

Answer 40

surface runoff

Question 41

flow of water in streams, rivers, and other channels, and is a major element of the water cycle

Answer 41

Stream flow or channel runoff

Question 42

serves as the basis for many water resources engineering designs

Answer 42

Stream Flow Measurements (Discharge)

Question 43

Measurements of Discharge

Answer 43

Measurement of flow area Measurement of flow velocity

Question 44

is the volume of water passing through a specific point over a fixed period

Answer 44

Water discharge (flow or discharge rate)

Question 45

Accurate stream discharge measurements supplement stage measurements to predict and manage floods

Answer 45

Flood Management

Question 46

Stream discharge affects the dilution and dispersion of pollutants

Answer 46

Water quality management

Question 47

Stream discharge measurements can be used to estimate the annual quantity of water produced by a watershed, informing decisions about reservoir filling, the use of hyroelectric power, and conservation for lower-flow seasons

Answer 47

Water conservation

Question 48

Floats are simple, straightforward tools. They're placed in water, released, and allowed to float downstream for a pre-determined distance

Answer 48

Float Meters

Question 49

formula for Surface velocity of flow

Answer 49

L/T

Question 50

Current meters offer more accurate measurements. Whether lowered into the water from a bridge or boat or via a staff gauge, the spinning of the propeller or changes in electromagnetic fields provide a measure of the water's speed

Answer 50

Propeller & Electromagnetic Meters

Question 51

uses a Doppler effect to measure velocity. The underlying idea is that sound waves change in frequency due to motion, like how a siren's putch changes as an ambulance passes by

Answer 51

Acoustic Doppler Current Profulers (ADCP)

Question 52

They transmit electromagnetic waves and measure the time it takes for an echo of that signal to return to them

Answer 52

Surface Velocity Radar

Question 53

One approach is to eliminate the need to take measurements across channel irregularities by forcing the water to flow through or over a known, uniform opening

Answer 53

Primary Device Method

Question 54

fabricated channel that acts like a chokepoint in the natural channel

Answer 54

Flumes

Question 55

like a low-level dam that allows water to flow over its top through a specially shaped opening - usually a V-shaped or rectangular notch.

Answer 55

Weirs

Question 56

require more material and more complex fabrication than weir plates

Answer 56

flumes

Question 57

require meticulous preparation of the upstream pool and regular maintenance due to sediment and debris buildup that can degrade accuracy

Answer 57

weirs