Water on the Land

Question 1

What is the point called where the start of a river is?

Answer 1

The river source.

Question 2

What is the point called where a river meets the sea?

Answer 2

The Mouth of the River.

Question 3

What is the point called where a small river flows into a larger river?

Answer 3

A Tributary.

Question 4

What is the point called where 2 rivers meet?

Answer 4

Confluence.

Question 5

What is the boundary of the drainage basin called?

(Usually marked by high land)

Answer 5

Watershed.

Question 6

What is the point of a river where it gets its water from called?

Answer 6

The drainage basin.

Question 7

Draw and label the Hydrological Cycle.

Answer 7

Question 8

What is Transpiration?

Answer 8

Water coming out of plants and rising into the air as water vapour.

Question 9

What is Precipitation?

Answer 9

Water going from air to land. Can be as rain, hail, sleet or snow.

Question 10

What is Percolation?

Answer 10

Water sinking into the rock.

Question 11

What is Infiltration?

Answer 11

Water sinking into the soil through holes, cracks, worm tunnels etc…

Question 12

What is Throughflow?

Answer 12

Water moving through the soil back to the sea.

Question 13

What is Groundwater flow?

Answer 13

Water moving through the rock back to the sea.

Question 14

What is Surface Run-off?

Answer 14

Water running down a surface back to the sea.

Can form rivers.

Question 15

Draw a long profile of a river.

Answer 15

Question 16

Draw a diagram of a river channel.

Answer 16

The river bed should be deeper than it is wide.

River channels are often full of rocks, and as a result the water runs slower.

Question 17

Using a diagram, explain how a V-shaped valley is formed.

Answer 17

Water running off mountains/hills (Groundwater flow) and weathering causes water to get into cracks and to expand, resulting in vertical erosion.

The banks of the river then get steeper and deeper, and mud from the banks falls down the slope. This is called slope transport.

Question 18

Using a diagram, explain how Interlocking spurs are formed.

Answer 18

Rivers do not flow in a straight line, they always bend or meander.

As a river flows along, it cuts into the rock it runs over, leaving an area of land on the inside of each bend sticking out.

These ridges of land are known as interlocking spurs, and the river twists and turns between them.

They are found on the upper parts of a rivers course.

Question 19

Using labelled diagrams, explain how a Waterfall is formed.

Answer 19

Question 20

Draw and Label a River Meander at Plan View.

Answer 20

Question 21

Draw and label the cross-section of a River Meander.

Answer 21

Question 22

Draw, Label and Describe Meander Migration.

Answer 22

Meander migration ocurrs when erosion on the outside and deposition on the inside of a meander causes the meander to migrate.

This causes the meanders to migrate downstream and to get wider (The channel doesn’t widen, as deposition and erosion both occur, it’s the actually bend that widens).

(I would slightly angle the diagram to account for river flow, and to show that the meanders will migrate downstream).

Question 23

What is alluvium?

Answer 23

Alluvium is unconsolidated material which has been eroded. It is deposited at times of flood (River deposits**).

Question 24

Draw and label a floodplain.

Answer 24

Question 25

Using **diagrams**, **explain** the **formation** of **levees**.

Answer 25

Question 26

What **7 factors** **affect River discharge**? For each one, think of **how it can affect River Discharge** and how that would change a **Storm Hydrograph**.

Answer 26

Question 27

Define a **Flood in terms of river discharge**.

Answer 27

When **water is above the river banks**.

Question 28

Define **Bankfull in terms of river discharge**.

Answer 28

When **water is at the point of the river banks**.

Question 29

Define **Underbank in terms of river discharge**.

Answer 29

When **water is below the river banks**.

Question 30

Define **Baseflow in terms of river discharge**.

Answer 30

**Baseflow** is the **discharge where only throughflow and groundwater flow from subsurface aquifers contribute to the overall flow**.

Question 31

What is an **Embankment**?

Answer 31

An **artifical levee**. ## Footnote *Note: They may be made from natural materials, the example image is not.*

Question 32

**Label** the below diagram of a **Storm Hydrograph**.

Answer 32

Question 33

**Discuss** the **River management technique** of **_Straightening the river_** - **how does it work**, is it **hard or soft management**, and what are the **advantages and disadvantages**?

Answer 33

**_Straightening the river_** works by **making the river flow faster**. It is **Hard management**. **_Advantages include:_** * **Deposition will occur further downstream**. * **Do their job**. **_Disadvantages include:_** * Can be **expensive**. * Can take **time** to build. * **Noisy** to build.

Question 34

**Discuss** the **River management technique** of **_Widening/Deepening the river_** - **how does it work**, is it **hard or soft management**, and what are the **advantages and disadvantages**?

Answer 34

**_Widening/Deepening the river_** works by **increasing the volume of water that the river is capable of holding**. It is **Hard management**. **_Advantages include:_** * **More water required for river to flood**. * **Do their job**. **_Disadvantages include:_** * Can be **expensive**. * Can take **time** to build. * **Noisy** to build.

Question 35

**Discuss** the **River management technique** of **_Artificial levees_** - **how do they work**, are they **hard or soft management**, and what are their **advantages and disadvantages**?

Answer 35

**_Artifical levees_** work by **steepening the banks so that flat land doesn't flood**. It is **Hard management**. **_Advantages include:_** * **More water required for river to flood**. * **Do their job**. **_Disadvantages include:_** * **Floods may occur further downstream**. * Can be **expensive**. * Can take **time** to build. * **Noisy** to build.

Question 36

**Discuss** the **River management technique** of **_Dam Construction_** - **how does it work**, is it **hard or soft management**, and what are the **advantages and disadvantages**?

Answer 36

**_Dam Construction_** works by **Confining a volume of water and releasing it when appropriate - controls a reservoir**. It is **Hard management**. **_Advantages include:_** * **Strong**. * Can be **controlled**. * **Hydroelectric power**. * **Clean water**. * **Jobs**. **_Disadvantages include:_** * **Expensive**. * **Floods land behind it**. * Takes **time** to build. * **Noisy** to build.

Question 37

**Discuss** the **River management technique** of **_Afforestation_** - **how does it work**, is it **hard or soft management**, and what are the **advantages and disadvantages**?

Answer 37

**_Afforestation_** works by **planting trees so that they soak up the water**. It is **Soft management**. **_Advantages include:_** * Looks **natural**. * **Absorbs the water** where it **will later become transpiration**. **_Disadvantages include:_** * Takes **time** to grow trees. * Takes up some **land**.

Question 38

**Discuss** the **River management technique** of **_Managed flooding_** - **how does it work**, is it **hard or soft management**, and what are the **advantages and disadvantages**?

Answer 38

**_Managed flooding_** works by **allowing low value land to flood, so that high value land isn't affected**. It is **Soft management**. **_Advantages include:_** * **Inexpensive**. * **Already in place**. **_Disadvantages include:_** * Can **destroy crops**. * **Waterlogged land**. * **People may not feel safe**.

Question 39

**Discuss** the **River management technique** of **_Planning/Flood plain zoning_** - **how does it work**, is it **hard or soft management**, and what are the **advantages and disadvantages**?

Answer 39

**_Planning/Flood plain zoning_** works by **zoning areas where things can/can't be built (under conditions)**. It is **Soft management**. **_Advantages include:_** * **Inexpensive**. * **Already in place**. * **Prevents people being affected** by the flood. **_Disadvantages include:_** * Only **estimates**. * **Doesn't actually stop the flooding**.

Question 40

Can you **name the 7 River management techniques**? ## Footnote *There's no need to expand on them for this card - just name them.*

Answer 40

The **River management techniques** are: * **Straightening the river**. * **Widening/Deepening the river**. * **Artificial levees**. * **Dam Construction**. * **Afforestation**. * **Managed flooding**. * **Planning/Flood plain zoning**.

Question 41

**Where does the UK get its water supply from**?

Answer 41

* **25% from rock** *(Aquifers)*. * **75% from reservoir lakes and rivers**.

Question 42

Draw a **labelled diagram of an aquifer**.

Answer 42

Question 43

Where is the **majority of rainfall in the UK**?

Answer 43

The **majority of rainfall** is to the **west of the UK** - moreso the **North West**. There is **little rainfall down in the south in places such as London**, which have the **highest population**. This gives us issues when trying to **supply water to these areas with high demand**.

Question 44

What **threats** are there **to groundwater**?

Answer 44

* **Contamination through chemicals** *(e.g: Pesticides)*. * **Impermable surfaces**. * **Oil**.