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Water Resources And Management Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Define embedded water

A

Water used by other people to make grow or articles we use

e.g. the water used to make cotton

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2
Q

Define water footprint

A

The amount of water used by an individual either directly or embedded water

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3
Q

What is salinisation

A

An increase of salt in water supplies because of a seepage or over irrigation

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4
Q

Subsistence agriculture

A

Growing enough food for the family with none or little left to sell

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5
Q

Where is lake chads drainage basin

A

West central Africa

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6
Q

How many people rely on water from the lake Chad drainage basin

A

40 million

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7
Q

The 4 countries that use the Chad basin are among the ____ poorest countries in the world in 2014

A

40

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8
Q

Chad economy is based mainly on what?

A

Subsistence agriculture

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9
Q

Flows from the Chari-Logone network accounts for about ____ % of the water lake Chad receives

A

95

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10
Q

Why is there a reduced flow to lake Chad

A

Dam construction

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11
Q

Over-grazing and deforestation have led to what

A

A drier climate

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12
Q

Water is used for _______ and expanding ______ areas

A

Irrigation and urban

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13
Q

Why is there more salinisation

A

Too much irrigation

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14
Q

Why can’t the government help lake Chad

A

Political unrest and extremist groups

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15
Q

Which project is going to take water from the Congo river and put it into lake Chad

A

Transaqua project

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16
Q

How much water a year is going to lake Chad

A

50 billion m^3

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17
Q

How will the water to lake Chad be transferred

A

A series of dams

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18
Q

The project will generate up to ________ kWh of hydroelectricity

A

15-25 billion

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19
Q

The project will develop areas for what

A

Crops and livestock

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20
Q

What industries will the project support

A

Agriculture, transportation and electrical production

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21
Q

Water security

A

An area or country that is able to ensure sustainable future supplies of water to meet demands

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22
Q

Relief rainfall

A

Precipitation created when warm moist air is forced to rise up and over highland areas

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23
Q

Abstraction

A

Removal of water from a store

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24
Q

Reservoir

A

A man made surface created by water being collected by a dam

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25
Aquifer
Underground store of fresh water
26
Borehole
A man made pipe dug down to an aquifer to abstract groundwater
27
Why can’t every country get clean piped water
Too expensive
28
What happens with an increase in richer people
Their demand for water use increases
29
Why is water supply more plentiful in other areas?
1. high rainfall totals 2. Precipitation levels exceed evaporation rates. 3. where there is impermeable geology
30
Drainage basin
An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries
31
Infiltration
Water soaks or filters downwards into the soil
32
Throughflow
The process of water slowly passing through the soil as a flow
33
Precipitation
Any moisture falling from the sky
34
Around ____% of global water supply comes from glaciers and polar ice
73.8
35
Around ____% of global water supply comes from groundwater
26
36
Around ____% of global water supply comes from surface stores
0.22
37
What do we use water for?
Food(70%) Industry(20%) Domestic water supply(10%)
38
Which stores do we get drinking water from
Groundwater and surface stores
39
What can a lack of clean water lead to
Disease and death
40
Why has global water consumption increased
People buy more products such as clothes and cars People use it in non-essential ways Money invested into modern farming technology
41
Physical reasons for Kano water insecurity: Lack of _____ Rainfall has become more _______ Area of high temperature so any rain that does fall _______ quickly _________ climate so a long dry season
Rainfall Unreliable Evaporates Semi-arid
42
Groundwater abstraction
Take water from underground using wells
43
How does groundwater abstraction work
Rainwater falls and infiltrates the soil, it reaches the aquifer by going through permeable/porous rock, the well is connected to the aquifer and water can be taken from it
44
Surface water abstraction
Take water from rivers and lakes using pumps
45
What is irrigation
The watering of land
46
Centre pivot system (irrigation)
A boom attached to a pole in the centre. The boom rotates around the pole spreading water + reduces the need for human labour - need flat land
47
Drip irrigation
A pipe is laid along the ground. The pipe as small holes in it and water is pumped along the pipe and drips out to water the plants + less obvious and takes up less space - the pipe could be clogged and split
48
Annual rainfall for South Africa is _____ Annual rainfall for Lesotho is _____
500mm 1200mm
49
Why does Lesotho get more rain than South Africa
Warm most air blown in from the Indian Ocean is forced to rise over areas of high land in Lesotho. The air cools and condenses and rainfall occurs. The dry air then decreases and South Africa is a rain shadow
50
What is the LHWP
Diverts 40% of the water in the Senqu river basin to the river Vaal. This is done through 200km of tunnel. The Polihali Dam will also generate 1000MW of electricity for Lesotho
51
Lesotho LHWP
+ they can sell the water to South Africa for money, 7000 jobs created from the project - farmland flooded to build dams and reservoirs, local farmers haven’t been given compensation, flooded valleys means harder to reach schools
52
South Africa LHWP
+ provide regular water for Johannesburg, improves water security for slums - go into debt because of the cost of the project, rely on Lesotho so if their are problems there they will have to look elsewhere
53
What are 3 alternative ways to manager South Africa’s water
1. Rainwater harvesting 2. Play pumps 3. Fog harvesting
54
What is rainwater harvesting
Collects rain water from coming down a hill. Any water is doesn’t collect can be used for the environment around it. + maintains soil moisture by encouraging infiltration - requires maintenance
55
What is a play pump
A borehole that transfers water into a water tank using pipes when the roundabout is pushed. When people want water they can use a pump which will get water from the water tank using pipes. + doesn’t produce co2 and keeps children happy - too expensive for small rural areas
56
What is fog harvesting
Collects water from fog using fine mesh nets that are suspended vertically. The fog condenses on the net and drips into a gutter below. + cheap and simple - not foggy consistently
57
What does the river Mekong is relied on for _______ and ________
Water (10%) Fishing (70%)
58
Cambodia catches ___________ tonnes of fish per year
2 million
59
Mekong benefits for Cambodia
Fish for fishermen Farmers rely on floods to plant rice crops 80% of rice crops relies on natural flooding of the Mekong
60
Mekong disadvantages for Cambodia
Worst floods led to 247 deaths and schools and harvest damaged If river levels fall too low food shortages are possible
61
Who do Cambodia blame for the decline in fish stocks
China for building dams
62
Benefits of the dams in china
Reduced the risk of flooding Fewer homes flooded in Cambodia Jobs created due to Dam construction More people have water
63
Disadvantages of the dams in china
Water levels have dropped in Cambodia Insufficient water for the rice crops Prevent fish migration High rainfall leads to water being released from dams which cause flash flooding in Cambodia
64
Long term solutions for the Mekong
Build flood walls Fund a flood control centre Make sure homes aren’t built on flood plains
65
Short term solutions for the Mekong
Produce advice to households on how to protect themselves Build small dams to hold back floodwater

Geography (1 decks)

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