Water soluble vitamins

Question 1

thamin functions

Answer 1

• decarboxylation reactions
• synthesis of five carbon sugars for nucleotide synthesis
• nerve function

Question 2

thiamin coenzyme form

Answer 2

thiamin pyrophasphate (TPP)

Question 3

Thiamin - who is at risk for deficiency?

Answer 3

• people with alcohol use disorder
• all rice diet

Question 4

thiamin deficiency symptoms

Answer 4

beriberi
* dry: nerve/muscle dysfunction
* wet: heart failure, edema
wernicke-korsakoff

Question 5

thiamin symptoms of overdose

Answer 5

no upper level

Question 6

riboflavin functions

Answer 6

• energy metabolism (FAD-FADH2 in citric acid cycle)
• B vitamin synthesis: niacin and B6

Question 7

riboflavin coenzyme form

Answer 7

falvin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Question 8

riboflavin - who is at risk for deficiency?

Answer 8

poor overall diet

Question 9

riboflavin deficiency symptoms

Answer 9

ariboflavinosis: inflammatino of mouth & tongue, cracked skin at corner of mouth

Question 10

riboflavin symptoms of overdose

Answer 10

no upper level

Question 11

niacin functions

Answer 11

• oxidation-reduction reactions
• accepts electrons in glycolysis and citric acid cycle

Question 12

niacin coenzyme form

Answer 12

• NAD+
• NADP+

Question 13

niacin - who is at risk for deficiency?

Answer 13

poor overall diet where most calories are coming from corn

Question 14

niacin deficiency symptoms

Answer 14

pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

Question 15

niacin symptoms of overdose

Answer 15

flushing, GI upset, liver damage

Question 16

pantothenic acid functions

Answer 16

energy metabolism: CoA deliverars acetyl groups from fasts and carbohydrates to the citric acid cycle

Question 17

pantothenic acid coenzyme form

Answer 17

coenzyme A (CoA)

Question 18

panothenic acid - who is at risk for deficiency?

Answer 18

isolated deficiency rare/nonexistent

Question 19

pantothenic acid deficiency symptoms

Answer 19

N/A

Question 20

pantothenic acid symptoms of overdose

Answer 20

no upper level

Question 21

vitamin B6 functions

Answer 21

• niacin synthesis from tryptophan
• glycogen breakdown
• metabolism of homocysteine –> cysteine

Question 22

vitamin B6 coenzyme form

Answer 22

pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

Question 23

vitamin B6 - who is at risk for deficiency?

Answer 23

rare but possible with Parkinson’s or TB drugs

Question 24

vitamin B6 deficiency symptoms

Answer 24

microcyctic hypochrmoic anemia

Question 25

vitamin B6 symptoms of overdose

Answer 25

* tinlging/numbness * nerve damage possible

Question 26

biotin functions

Answer 26

coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes that add CO2 to other molecules

Question 27

biotin coenzyme form

Answer 27

biotin is covalently added to several enzymes

Question 28

biotin - who is at risk for deficiency?

Answer 28

* biotinidase deficiency (genetic disorder) * diet high in raw eggs

Question 29

biotin deficiency symptoms

Answer 29

extremely rare; did not discuss symptoms

Question 30

biotin symptoms of overdose

Answer 30

no upper level

Question 31

folate functions

Answer 31

* enzymatic reactions where a single carbon is transferred * specific example: synthesis of deoxythymidine monophosphate

Question 32

folate coenzyme form

Answer 32

tetrahydrofilic acid (THFA)

Question 33

folate - who is at risk for deficiency?

Answer 33

women who are or may become pregnant (due to effects on embryo)

Question 34

folate deficiency symptoms

Answer 34

* lack of neural tube closure in developing embryo * megaloblastic anemia

Question 35

folate symptoms of overdose

Answer 35

excess intake can mask B-12 deficiency

Question 36

vitamin B12 functions

Answer 36

* methionine synthesis from homocysteine * regeneration of tetrahydrofolate * metabolism of odd-umbered fatty acids

Question 37

vitamin B12 coenzyme form

Answer 37

methylcobalamin

Question 38

vitamin B12 - who is at risk for deficiency?

Answer 38

* Vegans (B12 only from animal sources) * pernicious anemia (antibodies target intrinsic fatcro)

Question 39

vitamin B12 deficiency symtoms

Answer 39

* megaoblastic anemia * nerve degeneration * high homocystein

Question 40

vitamin B12 symptoms of overdose

Answer 40

no upper level

Question 41

vitamin C functions

Answer 41

* antioxdant: regenerates vitamin E * cofactor for metalloenzymes: reduces metal ions assoiated with enzyme * collagen synthesis

Question 42

vitamin C coenzyme form

Answer 42

ascorbic acid

Question 43

vitamin C - who is at risk for deficiency?

Answer 43

poor diet with little to no fruits and vegetables

Question 44

Vitamin C deficiency symptoms

Answer 44

* scurvy: weak collagen leadin to bleeding, fractures, etc * also causes fatigue and psychological symtoms

Question 45

vitamin C symptoms of overdose

Answer 45

GI discomfort and diarrhea