Water Supply Flashcards
(166 cards)
0
Q
Adequacy
A
Satisfactory volume of water
1
Q
Satisfactory quality of water
A
Potability
2
Q
Reliability
A
Satisfactory availability of water
3
Q
Sources of water
A
Surface water
Meteoric water
Ground water
4
Q
Surface water
A
Mixture of surface run-off and groundwater
5
Q
Sources of surface water
A
Rivers
Lakes
Ponds
Impounding reservoirs
6
Q
Pros and Cons of Surface water
A
Greater volume
Open to contamination
7
Q
Source of meteoric water
A
Rain
8
Q
Evaporated water that has precipitated in the form of rain
A
Meteoric water
9
Q
Rain and air pollutants
A
Acid rain
10
Q
Cons of meteoric water
A
Lower volume
Corrosive
11
Q
Ground water
A
Portion of water which has percolated into the earth to form underground deposits in aquifers
12
Q
Sources of ground water
A
Wells
Streams
13
Q
Pros and Cons of Ground water
A
Contains more minerals
Lesser volume
Quality is dependent on the soil
Deeper
14
Q
Public water supply class I
A
Class AA
15
Q
Public water supply class II
A
Class A
16
Q
Recreational water class I
A
Class B
17
Q
Class C
A
Recreational water class II Industrial water supply class I
18
Q
Class D
A
Industrial water supply class II
19
Q
Class for waters having watersheds which are uninhabited and otherwise protected from contamination
A
Class AA
20
Q
Class that requires only approved disinfection to meet PNSDW
A
Class AA
21
Q
Class for sources of water supply that require complete treatment to meet PNSDW
A
Class A
22
Q
Complete treatment
A
Coagulation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection
23
Q
Class for primary contact recreation
A
Class B
24
Class for tourism purposes
Class B
25
Beneficial uses of Class C
Fishery water (for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources)
Without water contact
Manufacturing processes after treatment
26
Beneficial uses of Class D
```
Agriculture
Irrigation
Livestock watering
Navigation
Cooling
```
27
Point source
Level I
28
For rural areas where houses are thinly scattered
Level I
29
Level I definition
Protected well/developed spring with an outlet but without a distribution system
30
Distance requirement of Level I
Not more than 250 meters from the farthest user
31
Number of houses served by Level I
15-25
32
Discharge of Level I
40-150 L/minute
33
Level II
Communal faucet system
| Standposts
34
Level II definition
Source, reservoir, piped distribution network and communal faucets
35
For rural and urban areas where houses are clustered densely
Level II
36
Distance requirement of Level II
Not more than 25 meters away from the farthest house
37
Number of households served by Level II
100 households with one faucet per 4-6 households)
38
Discharge of Level II
40-60 L/capita/day
39
Level III
Waterworks System
| Individual House Connections
40
Level III definition
System with a source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network, and household taps
41
Other term for household taps
In-house connections
42
For densely populated urban areas
Level III
43
Level of source that requires a minimum treatment of disinfection
Level III
44
DENR
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
45
EMB
Environmental Management Bureau
46
LWUA
Local Water Utilities Administration
47
NWRB
National Water Resource Board
48
MWSS
Manila Water Sewerage System
49
MWCI
Maynilad Water Services, Inc.
50
LLDA
Laguna Lake Development Authority
51
Primary agency on environment and water shed protection
DENR
52
Enforces water quality and effluent standards
EMB
53
Monitors surface water quality according to class
EMB
54
Regulates industry water
EMB
55
Monitors drinking water
DOH
56
Implements sanitation programs
DOH
57
Mandate of DOH
To protect human health
58
Lending institution to improve local district's water supply project
LWUA
59
Promotes and oversees the development of provincial waterworks and sewag
LWUA
60
Regulates use of water sources
NWRB
61
Overall coordination of water resource management and development
NWRB
62
Agency which gives permit for commercial deep wells
NWRB
63
Regulates price of water
MWSS
64
Eastern Metro Manila
MWCI
65
Western Metro Manila
MWSI
66
Enforce sanitation laws
LGUs
67
Problems with turbidity
Aesthetics
Filterability
Disinfection
68
Source of turbidity
Suspended particles
69
Turbidity is commonly seen in
Surface waters
Street washings
Industrial wastes
70
Problems with color
Aesthetics
| Disinfection process interference (chlorination: reacts with chlorine to form chloroform and other trihalomethanes)
71
Sources of color
Substances in solution
72
Sources of odor
Dissolved salts and gases
73
Problem with odor
Disagreeable odor
74
Sources of taste
Dissolved substances
75
Problem with taste
Unpleasant taste
76
Problems of water quality with certain physical characteristics
Turbidity
Color
Odor
Taste
77
Water quality problems with chemical characteristics
```
Acidity
Alkalinity
Hardness
Iron and Manganese
Chloride
Fluoride
Sulfate
Nitrogen
Phosphorus and Phosphates
Arsenic
Cadmium
Cyanide
Lead
Mercury
```
78
Relationship between hardness of drinking water and cardiovascular diseases
Inverse
79
Sources of acidity
Carbon dioxide
80
Sources of mineral acidity
Nitric acid
Sulfuric acid
Phosphoric acid
81
Problems with acidity
Unpalatable
Increased corrosiveness of water
Increased potential for leaching heavy metals
82
Sources of alkalinity
```
Bicarbonates
Carbonates
Hydroxides
Borates
Silicates
Phosphates
```
83
Problem with alkalinity
Acrid taste
84
Sources of hardness
Multivalent metallic ions (calcium, magnesium, strontium, iron, manganese)
85
Problems with hardness
Increased soap consumption
| Production of scales in hot water pipes, boilers, and heaters
86
Sources of iron and manganese
Present in soil in insoluble form
87
Problems with iron and manganese
Metallic taste
| Yellow/black stain
88
Sources of chloride
```
Naturally occurring
Droplets from ocean
Seawater intrusion
Irrigation water
Human excreta
Industrial wastes
```
89
Problems with chloride
Salty beyond 250 mg/L
90
T or F. There are no known adverse health effects in people who consume more than 3000 mg/L.
F. (2000 mg/L)
91
Problems with fluoride
Disfigurement of teeth
Mottled enamel or dental fluorosis
Dental caries
92
Problems with sulfate
Cathartic effect at concentrations > 250 mg/L
| Promotes formation of scales
93
Sources of nitrogen
Naturally occurring
| Organic wastes
94
Problems with nitrogen
Interferes with water disinfection process
| Algal bloom
95
Infantile hemoglobinemia
Blue babies
96
Problems with phosphorus and phosphates
Nutrients for plankton causing algal bloom
97
Used in public water supplies for controlling corrosion
Polyphosphates
98
Sources of arsenic
Minerals and ores
Geothermal springs
Industrial effluents (power generated from coal-fired furnaces, metal smelters)
Atmospheric deposition
99
Problems with arsenic
```
Hyperkeratosis
Black foot disease
Myocardial schemia
Liver dysfunction
Carcinogenic
```
100
Sources of cadmium
Wastewater pollution
Air pollution deposition
Impurities in galvanized pipes, solders, and metal fittings
101
Main routes of cadmium exposure
Inhalation
| Ingestion
102
Main target organ of cadmium
Kidney
103
Problems with cadmium
Itai-itai disease
| Cardiovascular diseases accompanied by hypertension
104
Sources of cyanide
Industrial contamination of drinking water sources
105
Problems with cyanide
Thyroid dysfunction
| Nervous system dysfunction
106
Sources of lead
Minerals and soil
| Household plumbing fixtures, fittings, solder, and pipes
107
Problems with lead
At high concentrations:
Hematological, renal, and neurological impairments
Reproductive effects
At low concentrations:
Impaired growth of children
Increased blood pressure
108
Sources of mercury
Naturally occurring
Mining wastes
Industrial processing wastes
109
Problems with mercury
```
Teratogenic effects
Minamata disease
Cerebral palsy
Impaired learning
Behavioral disability
```
110
Problems of water quality with biological characteristics
Bacteria
Viruses
Parasites
Microscopic plants
111
Sources of bacteria, viruses, and parasites
Water contaminated with sewage
112
Problems with bacteria, viruses, and parasites
Water-related diseases
113
Sources of microscopic plants
N, P, K
114
Problems with microscopic plants
Color
Odor
Taste
115
Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water
DOH AO 2007-0012
116
Why do we need to update information about water quality every five years?
New information on many chemicals
Proliferation of water-refilling stations
Detection of naturally occurring hazardous substances in water sources
Inadequate monitoring capability
Need for new approaches in safe management of water supply
117
Determines possible effects of drinking contaminated water after 70 years
Hazard Index
118
T or F. Drinking water with less than 0.005 mg/L of antimony everyday for 70 years will not cause any health problems.
T
119
Variables used to compute the hazard index
Dose response of individuals
Maximum amount of water ingested daily
Average life span of Filipinos
Amount of water needed daily
120
Standard value for E. coli
0/100 mL
121
Total count/mL: Permissible limit for biological microorganisms
10
122
Why is the maximum amount of nitrate (50) larger than nitrite(3)?
Because nitrite is unstable.
123
Other term for organic constituents
The deadly dozen
124
What is apparent color?
It is the color of the whole water sample.
125
What is true color?
It is the color measured after filtering the water sample to remove larger suspended materials.
126
Sources of apparent color
Inorganic components (iron, copper, manganese)
127
Sources of true color
Vegetable or organic extracts
128
Indicator of water treatment efficiency
Residual chlorine
129
Chemicals that are not hazardous to human health at concentrations found in drinking water
Asbestos
Silver
Tin
130
Standard value for gross alpha activity
0.1 (Bq/L)
131
Standard value for gross beta activity
1 (Bq/L)
132
```
Minimum frequency of sampling for microbiological organisms
Level I (90-150 pop)
```
Once every 3 months
133
```
Minimum frequency of sampling for microbiological organisms
Level II (600 pop)
```
Once every 2 months
134
```
Minimum frequency of sampling for microbiological organisms
Level III (<5000 pop)
```
1 sample monthly
135
```
Minimum frequency of sampling for microbiological organisms
Level III (5000-100000)
```
1 sample per 5000 population monthly
136
```
Minimum frequency of sampling for microbiological organisms
Level III (> 100000)
```
20 samples plus 1 sample pee 100000 population monthly
137
Minimum frequency of sampling for microbiological organisms
| Bottled water
Once every 2 months
138
Minimum frequency of sampling for microbiological organisms
| Water refilling stations
Once a month
139
Minimum frequency of sampling for microbiological organisms
| Emergency supplies of drinking water
Before delivery to users
140
Sources and modes of supply that require a minimum frequency of sampling once a year for physical and chemical analysis
Level I
Level II
Level III
Emergency supplies of drinking water
141
Sources and modes of supply that require a minimum frequency sampling of twice a year for physical and chemical analysis
Water vending machines
| Refilling stations
142
Health effects of disinfection by-products
Carcinogenic effects
Effects on reproduction and development
Toxic effects on liver and kidney
143
Dissolved impurities
```
Dissolved inorganic matter
Minerals
Fertilizer run-off
Industrial discharges
Salinity
Natural impurities
Domestic waste
Residues of pesticides
```
144
Removes carbon dioxide and may raise oxygen to super saturation in daytime
Algal growth
145
Suspended impurities
Colloids
Suspended organic
Suspended inorganic
Living matter
146
Process of solid-liquid separation using gravity settling to remove suspended solids
Sedimentation
147
Sludge
Floc which collects at the bottom of the basin
148
Type 1 Sedimentation
Settling out of discrete non-flocculent particles in dilute suspension
149
Type 2 Sedimentation
Settling out of flocculent particles in dilute suspension
150
Removes dirt and other particles suspended in water
Coagulation/Flocculation
151
Process of adding alum and other chemicals which are capable of attracting charged ions to form flocs
Coagulation/Flocculation
152
Uses of filtration
Removal of suspended particulate material or impurities from water
Enhances effectiveness of disinfection
153
Materials used in making filters
Sand and gravel
| Crushed anthracite
154
Filters according to type of medium
Granular-bed filter
| Pre-coat filter
155
Filters according to pace of process
Rapid sand filter (48 hours)
| Slow sand filter (30 days)
156
Filters according to mode of filtering particulates
Depth of filtration
| Cake filtration
157
Deactivation or killing of pathogenic organisms
Disinfection
158
Residual effect of disinfectants
Remaining active in the water even after the disinfection process
159
Why should residual concentrations be maintained?
To guard against possible contamination from biological sources in the water distribution system
160
Process by which gas and water are brought into intimate contact with each other
Aeration
161
Membrane Filtration Processes
Reverse osmosis
Electrodialysis
Ultrafiltration
162
Reverse osmosis
Pressure-driven process that retains all ions and passes water
163
Transfer ions through membranes from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution as a result of the passage of direct current
Electrodialysis
164
Ultrafiltration
Pressure-driven process for fractionating and concentrating solutions containing colloids and high-molecular weight materials
165
Factors affecting capita consumption
```
Climate
Class of consumer
Quality of water
Industries and commerce
Pressure on distribution system
Metering of system
Sewage facility
Number of inhabitants
Size of community
Cost
```
