water the universal solvent

Question 1

solvent

Answer 1

a substance, usually a liquid, which is able to dissolve a solute to form a solution
when solid, liquid or gas is dissolved in water

Question 2

aqueous

Answer 2

An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water

Question 3

solute

Answer 3

substance being dissolved

Question 4

solution characteristics

Answer 4

-The solute and the solvent cannot be distinguished from each other (homogeneous)
-The dissolved particles are too small to see
-the amount of dissolved solute can vary from one solution to another

Question 5

dissolution

Answer 5

the process of a substance dissolving in another substance

Question 6

miscible

Answer 6

forming a homogeneous mixture when added together

Question 7

steps of dissolution

Answer 7

1)the particles of the solute are separated from one another
2)The particles of the solvent are separated from one another
3)The solute and solvent particles are attracted to each other

Question 8

Explain what can be concluded about the forces present between the solute and solvent particles

Answer 8

For a substance to be soluble, the solute-solvent interactions must be stronger than the solute-solute and solvent-solvent interactions

Question 9

like dissolves like

Answer 9

-polar solvents will generally dissolve substances consisting of polar molecules or charged ions
-non-polar solvents can dissolve substances consisting of non-polar molecules

Question 10

why do non-polar molecules not dissolve well in water?

Answer 10

hydrogen bonds between water molecules are much stronger than the dispersion forces that could occur between molecules of oil and water.
as a result water molecules do not separate

Question 11

examples of miscible and immiscible liquids in water

Answer 11

miscible: ethanol
immiscible: hexane

Question 12

Importance of the solvent properties of water

Answer 12

Biological context:
-water provides a system to transport nutrients and soluble wastes
-Essential nutrients dissolve in water and are carried to organs
-nutrients in the soil are dissolved in water and are absorbed into the root system of plants

Question 13

how does ethanol dissolve in water?

Answer 13

1) water molecules break
2)ethanol molecules break
3)ethanol and water molecules form
C2H5OH(l)——C2H5OH(aq)
(with h2o (l) on the arrow)

Question 14

When hydrogen chloride dissolves in water:

Answer 14

1)polar covalent bonds within hydrogen cholride molecules break producing hydrogen ions (H+) and chloride ions (Cl-)
2)a covalent bond between H+ and H20 forms, forming H3O+ ions
3)ion-dipole attractions form between the H3O+ and CL- ions and polar water molecules
HCL(g)+H2O(l)—-H3O(aq)+Cl-(aq)

Question 15

hydrate

Answer 15

an ion surrounded by water molecules. Hydrated ions can be found in aqueous solutions

Question 16

dissociation

Answer 16

The separation of positive and negative ions as an ionic lattice melts or dissolves

Question 17

How does sodium chloride dissolve in water

Answer 17

1) ionic bonds within the sodium chloride lattice are broken
2) hydrogen bonds between water molecules are broken
3) ion-dipole attractions form between ions and polar water molecules
NaCl(s)—–Na+(aq)+Cl-(aq)

Question 18

can a substance be completely soluble or in soluble?

Answer 18

substances are rarely ever completely soluble or insoluble. The solubility of substances can be considered as a scale

Question 19

SNAPE rule

Answer 19

Soluble salts:
Sodium (Na+)
Nitrates (NO3)-
Ammonium (NH4)+
Potassium (K+)
Ethanoate (CH3COO)-

Question 20

precipitation reaction

Answer 20

when ions in a solution combine to form a new compound that is insoluble in water.

Question 21

precipitate

Answer 21

The solid formed in a precipitation reaction is called the precipitate.

Question 22

what are precipitation reactions used for?

Answer 22

-removal of minerals from drinking water
-remove heavy metals from wastewater
-purification plants of reservoirs

Question 23

spectator ions

Answer 23

-an ion that remains in a solution and doesn’t change in the course of the reaction
-it is not included in the ionic equation