Water, Vitamins & Minerals

Question 1

Phytochemicals

Answer 1

Compounds in plants that cause colour, smell and taste
Act as bioactive food components (have ability to alter body processes) - antioxidants, mimicking hormones, enzyme action, Inhibiting DNA replication, destroying bacteria (may suppress the development of diseases)

Question 2

Functional foods

Answer 2

veg, fruits and whole foods
Provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition by altering one or more physiological processes
Foods that have fortified, enriched or enhanced with nutrients, phytochemicals or others

Question 3

Examples of phytochemicals

Answer 3

burning sensation of peppers, flavour of onions or garlic

Question 4

Flavonoids

Answer 4

group of phytochemicals that are antioxidants and make blood clots less likely
Found in grains, soy, veg, fruits, herbs (bitter taste in foods)

Question 5

Carotenoid

Answer 5

Red and yellow pigments in plants
Include vit A
Decreases risk of htn and heart disease
ex. lycopene (red pigment)

Question 6

Fat soluble Vitamins

Answer 6

A, D, E, K
Absorbed with fat into the lymph before entering the blood
Stored in the liver and fatty tissues
Builds up in tissues
Taken PERIODICALLY

Question 7

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 7

B complex (folate, riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, pantothenic acid) and C
Absorbed directly into the blood
Not stored in body
Leave in urine
NEEDED FREQUENTLY

Question 8

Vitamins

Answer 8

Do not provide body with energy (kcalories)
Organic compounds
Obtained form foods, fortification or supplements

Question 9

Primary deficiency

Answer 9

vitamin not consumed in sufficient amounts to meet needs

Question 10

Secondary deficiency

Answer 10

impaired absorption or excess secretion

Question 11

People that need vitamins the most

Answer 11

infancy/childhood, pregnancy and childhood

Question 12

Which vitamin has function in the skin?

Answer 12

C

Question 13

Which vitamin as function in vision?

Answer 13

A

Question 14

Which vitamin has function in blood clotting?

Answer 14

K

Question 15

Which vitamin has function in bone structure?

Answer 15

D and K

Question 16

How much water is in our bodies?

Answer 16

60% of body weight

Question 17

Functions of water in body fluids

Answer 17

carries nutrients and waste products
maintains the structure of large molecules
participates in metabolic reactions
serves as a solvent for minerals, vit, amino acids, glucose

Question 18

Water’s functions

Answer 18

maintains body volume
helps in normal body temp regulation
lubricant and cushion

Question 19

How much water is in each area of the body?

Answer 19

Intracellular (inside cells) - 2/3
Extracellular (outside cells) - lymph, blood (intravascular), digestive juices, between cells (intercellular pr interstitial)

Question 20

Who are most susceptible to dehydration?

Answer 20

Old and young

Question 21

What does the hypothalmus do in water regulation?

Answer 21

initiates drinking

Question 22

Water excretion regulation

Answer 22

brain and kidneys

Question 23

What is the affect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on kidneys?

Answer 23

pulls the water back, keeps it in

Question 24

Minimum urine excretion

Answer 24

500mL /day
<30mls/hour over 2 hours
Average total water loss = 2.5 L/day

Question 25

Dehydration symptoms

Answer 25

Thirst Weakness Exhaustion Delirium Death

Question 26

Water intoxication symptoms

Answer 26

Water contents become too high: Confusion Convulsion Coma Death

Question 27

Hypervolemia

Answer 27

Excess fluid remains in the intravascular space S&S: edema, cramping, headache, GI bloating, high BP, SOB, pulmonary edema, increased HR

Question 28

Hypervolemia is common in...

Answer 28

CHF End stage kidney disease liver failure

Question 29

Nursing implications for fluid assessment

Answer 29

Measure intake and output Fluid restriction Watch for edema daily weights CV check

Question 30

Electrolyte solutions

Answer 30

ions of a salt in water

Question 31

Why should electrolyte balance be regulated closely?

Answer 31

proteins in the cell membranes move ions into or out of the cells Kidneys regulate sodium and water

Question 32

Biochemical measures of fluids

Answer 32

Sodium (+ charge; extracellular ion) Potassium (+ charge; intracellular ion) Chloride (- charge; extracellular ion)

Question 33

Hypernatremia

Answer 33

Most common cause is dehydration

Question 34

If there is edema...

Answer 34

sodium should be restricted

Question 35

What maintains acid base balance?

Answer 35

Kidneys

Question 36

Major minerals

Answer 36

(need more) Ca, Cl, Mg, K, P, Na, S

Question 37

Trace Minerals

Answer 37

(need less) Chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc

Question 38

Why do we need to be careful with sodium?

Answer 38

Increased intake = increased BP

Question 39

UL of Na

Answer 39

2300 mg/day (1 teaspoon)

Question 40

Strategies for management of sodium in diet

Answer 40

Fresh foods Cook with little or no salt Avoid salty foods or adding additional salt