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GCSE Physics > Waves, Density and Pressure > Flashcards

Waves, Density and Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of waves?

A

tranverse and longitudinal

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2
Q

what are transverse waves?

A

waves that vibrate or oscillate perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer.

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3
Q

describe energy transfer in a transverse wave.

A

the energy transfer is in the same direction as the wave motion. they transfer energy, but not the particles of the medium. transverse waves can move in a liquid or a solid but not in a gas. some transverse waves (em waves) can move in a vacuum.

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4
Q

where is the peak on a wave diagram?

A

the highest above the rest position. it can also be called the crest.

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5
Q

where is the trough on a wave diagram?

A

the lowest below the rest position.

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6
Q

what are longitudinal waves?

A

waves where the points along its length vibrate parallel to the direction of energy transfer.

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7
Q

describe energy transfer in a longitudinal wave.

A

the energy transfer is in the same direction as the wave motion. they transfer energy, but not the particles of the medium. they can move in solids, liquids and gases. they cannot move in a vacuum(since there are no particles).

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8
Q

what are the key features of a longitudinal wave?

A

compressions (where the points are close together) and rarefactions (where the points are spaced apart).

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9
Q

what are examples of longitudinal waves?

A

sound waves, p-waves, pressure waves caused by repeated movements in a liquid or a gas.

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10
Q

what are examples of transverse waves?

A

ripples on the surface of water, vibrations in a guitar string, s-waves, em waves(such as radio, light, X- rays e.t.c)

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11
Q

how are longitudinal waves usually drawn?

A

Longitudinal waves are represented as sets of lines with rarefactions and compressions.

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12
Q

how can wave vibrations be shown for longitudinal and transverse waves?

A

springs (l) and ropes (t)

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13
Q

what are the different properties of transverse and longitudinal waves- structure?

A

transverse waves - peaks and troughs
longitudinal waves- compressions and rarefactions.

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14
Q

what are the different properties of transverse and longitudinal waves- vibration?

A

transverse- 90 degrees to the direction of energy transfer
longitudinal- parallel to the direction of energy transfer.

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15
Q

what are the different properties of transverse and longitudinal waves- vacuum?

A

transverse- only electromagnetic waves can travel in a vacuum
longitudinal- cannot travel in a vacuum.

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16
Q

what are the different properties of transverse and longitudinal waves- material?

A

transverse- can move in liquids and solids but not in gases.
longitudinal- can move in gases, liquids and solids.

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17
Q

what are the different properties of transverse and longitudinal waves- density?

A

transverse waves- constant density
longitudinal waves- changes in density

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18
Q

what are the different properties of transverse and longitudinal waves- pressure?

A

transverse- pressure is constant
longitudinal- changes in pressure

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19
Q

what are the different properties of transverse and longitudinal waves- speed of wave?

A

transverse- dependant on material it is travelling in.
longitudinal- dependant on material it is travelling in.

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20
Q

what do waves transfer?

A

energy and information

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21
Q

what are waves described as?

A

oscillations or vibrations about a fixed point- waves transfer without transferring matter.

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22
Q

what is amplitude?

A

The distance from the undisturbed position to the peak or trough of a wave. (m)

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23
Q

what is wavelength?

A

The distance from one point on the wave to the same point on the next wave.
in a transverse wave- wavelength measured from one peak to the next peak
in a longitudinal wave- wavelength measured from centre of one compression to the centre of next.

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24
Q

what is frequency?

A

the number of waves passing a point a second.

25
Q

what is time period?

A

the time taken for a single wave to pass a point. (s)

26
Q

what is the equation for frequency?

A

f = 1/T

27
Q

what is the wave equation?

A

wave speed = frequency * wavelength
v (m/s)= f(Hz) * y (upside down) (m)

28
Q

what are electromagnetic waves?

A

Transverse waves that transfer energy from the source of the waves to an absorber.

29
Q

what properties do all em waves share?

A
  • all transverse
  • all travel through a vacuum
  • all travel at the same speed in a vacuum
30
Q

how many types of em waves are there?

A

7- which form a spectrum.

30
Q

how many types of em waves are there?

A

7- which form a spectrum.

31
Q

how is the em spectrum arranged?

A

based on the wavelengths/frequencies. the order is from the longest wavelength (shortest frequency and lowest energy) to shortest wavelength (highest frequency and higher energy).

32
Q

what is the order of the em spectrum?

A

radio waves
microwaves
infrared
visible light
ultra violet
x-rays
gamma rays

33
Q

what are the effects of radiation with higher energy?

A

highly ionising
harmful to cells and tissues causing cancer (UV, X-Rays, Gamma rays)

34
Q

What is visible light?

A

Visible light is defined as the range of wavelengths which are visible to humans and is the only part of the spectrum detectable by the human eye. each colour within the visible light spectrum has an order. red has the lowest wavelength (lowest frequency and energy) and violet has the shortest wavelength (highest frequency and highest energy). colours are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.

35
Q

what are the uses of radio waves?

A

communication (radio + tv) and broadcasting

36
Q

what are the uses for microwaves?

A
  • cooking
  • communication (WiFi, mobile phones, satellites)
37
Q

what are the uses for infrared?

A
  • heaters and night vision equipment
38
Q

what are the uses for visible light?

A
  • seeing and taking photos/videos
  • fibre optic communications
39
Q

what are the uses for ultraviolet?

A
  • fluorescent lamps
40
Q

what are the uses of X-rays?

A
  • X-ray images (medicine, airport security and industry)
41
Q

what are the uses of gamma rays?

A
  • sterilising medical instruments
  • treating cancer
42
Q

what are the dangers of radio waves?

A

no damage absorbed by the human body. however, can result in heating of biological tissue and an increase in body temperature.

43
Q

what are the dangers of microwaves?

A

possible heat damage to internal organs and internal heating of body tissue.

44
Q

what are the dangers of infra red?

A

skin burns

45
Q

what are the dangers of visible light?

A

bright light can cause eye damage

46
Q

what are the dangers of ultra violet rays?

A
  • blindness
  • sunburn
  • skin cancer
  • damage to surface cells
47
Q

what are the dangers of x-ray radiation?

A
  • kills cells
  • DNA mutations
  • cancer
48
Q

what are the dangers of gamma radiation?

A
  • kills cells
  • mutations
  • cancer
49
Q

what is a wave front?

A

the same point on each wave/ the front of a wave

50
Q

what is a sound wave?

A

a longitudinal wave which can be reflected.

51
Q

what is the frequency range for human hearing?

A

20Hz- 20 000 Hz

52
Q

what is the method of finding the speed of sound in air?

A
  • the first microphone detects the sound made by a hammer and a metal plate and starts the electronic timer
  • when the sound reaches and is detected by the second microphone (2 metres apart), the second microphone stops the electronic timer.
  • the time recorded is used and the distance between the two microphones is recorded.
  • do repeats (av. time found)
  • use s = d/t to find the speed of sound.
53
Q

at what speed do all of the waves in the electromagnetic spectrum travel in free space?

A

3 * 10^8 m/s

54
Q

what is the equation for density?

A

density (kg/m^3) = mass/volume

55
Q

what is the equation for pressure?

A

p (Pa) = f (N) /a (m^2)

56
Q

how does pressure in gases and liquids act?

A

equally in all directions

57
Q

what is the equation for pressure difference?

A

pressure difference = height * density* gravitational field strength

58
Q

what is the method for finding density via displacement?

A
  • i am going to be using the displacement method
  • find the mass of the object using mass balance
  • fill eureka can with water + leave until water stops flowing from spout
  • place beaker under spout to collect displaced water
  • fully submerge object in water
  • collect water in beaker
  • pour into measuring cylinder to find volume
  • density = m/v

GCSE Physics (5 decks)

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