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WBCs Flashcards

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1
Q

sequence of neutrophil production

A

myeloblast–>progranulocyte–>myelocyte–>metamyelocyte–>band neutrophil–>segmented neutrophil

become smaller, chromatin condenses and nuclei become progressively more elongated and segmented

6-7 days in health

increased stimulation and demand-2-5 days

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2
Q

Neutrophil pools in bone marrow

A

proliferation pool-myeloblasts, progranulocytes and myelocyts, mitotically active

maturation and storage pools-metamyelocytes, bands and segs

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3
Q

neutrophil pools in blood

A

circulating pool-freely flowing in vasculature, meausred on CBC

marginated pool-“rolling” along and loosely adhered to endothelial surfaces via selectins

dynamic

marginated:circulating is 1:1 (except cats, 3:1)

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4
Q

neutrophil pool in tissue

A

migrated into tissues and do not return to circulation

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5
Q

what size is the maturation/storage pool?

A

largest in dog

intermediate in cats and horses

smallest in ruminants

dogs have more capacity to respond to an increased peripheral demand for neutrophils compared to ruminants

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6
Q

where do neutrophils go?

A

migrate to sites of infl

apoptosis

transmucosal migration

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7
Q

left shift

A

increased numbers of bands

result of depletion of seg PMN within BM

significant inflammatory stimulus

hallmark of acute inflammation (acute/ongoing demand)

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8
Q

regenerative left shift

A

segs>bands

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9
Q

degenerative left shift

A

seg<bands></bands>

<p>
worse px</p>

<p>
interpretation different in SAM vs LAM</p>

</bands>

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10
Q

neutrophilia mechanisms

A

shift from marginated pool to circulating pool (min/hr)

increased release from maturation/storage pools in BM (hr)

increased pdn by BM (d)

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11
Q

causes of neutrophilia

A

inflammation

steroid neutrophilia

epinephrine neutrophilia

neoplasia

paraneoplasitc

leukocyte adhesion deficiency

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12
Q

inflammation neutrophilia

A

numerous underlying causes

left shift often present

Mechanism: increased release from BM, increased production by precursors in BM

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13
Q

steroid neutrophilia

A

results from increased glucocorticoids-stress, Cushing’s, Glucocorticoid therapy

mature neutrophilia

mechanism: shift from marginated to circulating pool, increased release from marrow

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14
Q

epinephrine neutrophilia

A

due to effects of catecholamines (fear, strenuous exercise, excitement)

transient

cats and young horses!

mature

mechanism: shift from marginated to circulating pool

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15
Q

neoplasia neutrophilia

A

chronic granulocytic leukemia

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16
Q

paraneoplastic neutrophilia

A

tumor pdn of G-CSF

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17
Q

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency neutrophilia

A

defective integrin molecule (CD18)

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18
Q

mechanisms for neutropenia

A

shift from circulating to marginated pool

decreased pdn within BM

overwhelming tissue demand

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19
Q

inflammatory neutropenia

A

LA (esp cattle) with acute infl

left shift often present

mechanism: overwhelming tissue demand

difficult to differentiate from endotoxemia neutropenia

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20
Q

endotoxemia neutropenia

A

infection with gram-negative bacteria (LPS)

mechanism: shift from circulating to marginated pool

difficult to differentiate from inflammatory neutropenia

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21
Q

decreased pdn neutropenia

A

damage to precursors or BM microenvironment

Parvo, FeLV, Erlichia

mechanism: decreased pdn within BM

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22
Q

toxic change

A

cytoplasmia vacuolization, basophilia, Dohle bodies

giant PMN-rare

toxic granulation-rare

associated with inflammatory conditions

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23
Q

Which animal has small numbers of Dohle bodies in health?

A

Cats!

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24
Q

peripheral destruction neutropenia

A

rare

immune mediated neutropenia

autoimmune dz char by presence of anti-neutrophil abs

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25
infectious agents in neutrophils
bacteria-morulae or *Anaplasma* & *Ehrlichia* *Histoplasma capsulatum*-yeast distemper inclusions Protozoa-*Hepatozoon* sp, *Toxoplasma* sp
26
Pelget-Huet Anomaly
inherited occurs in several breeds of dogs, DSH cats and Arabian horses hyposegmented nuclei in PMN, Eos, Baso nuclei-band to oval shaped with mature appearing chromatic pattern normal function
27
Chediak Higashi syndrome
rare cats (perian), cattle and other mammals (mink, whale) large eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions neutrophil fcn somewhat abn animals usually healthy but slight tendency to bleed due to abn platelet fcn
28
Birman cat neutrophil granulation
rare fine eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules within neutrophils fcn normal, cats are healthy
29
lymphocyte pdn
not solely dependent on BM pdn produced in lymphoid tissues-LN, spleen
30
lymphoid tissue pool
consists of lymphocytes wihtin LNs, spleen, etc
31
tissue lymphocyte pool
lymphocytes that have migrated into tissues can return into circulation via lymphatics
32
reactive lymphocytes
due to infl/antigenic stimulation increased cytoplasmic basophilia perinuclear clear zone increased size increased amount of cytoplasm nuclear atypia
33
lymphoblasts
not normally found in circulation char by large size, presence of nucleoli & immature chromatic pattern neoplasm vs reactive lymphocytes?
34
epinephrine lymphocytosis
due to effects of catecholamines (fear, strenuous exercise, excitement) transient cats, young horses mechanism: shift from marginated pool to circulating pool
35
granular lymphocytes
CD8, NK cells small numbers of fine, pink, cytoplasmic granules low numbers in healthy animals increased numbers with reactive conditions
36
Chronic inflammation leukocytosis
due to chronic antigenic stimulation lymphoid hyperplasia esp *Ehrlichia*/*Anaplasma* sp may see reactive lymphocytes vaccination
37
lymphoproliferative disorder lymphocytosis
lymphoid leukemia/lymphoma persistent lymphocytosis of cattle (BLV inf), of cats (FeLV)
38
hypoadrenocorticism lymphocytosis
due to absence of glucocorticoid effects
39
Steroid lymphopenia
sequestration of lymphocytes within lymphoid tissues, decreased lymphopoiesis most consistent feature of steroid leukogram
40
acute bacterial/viral infection lymphopenia
due to increased margination in the vasculature and migration of lymphocytes to lymphoid nodes and inflamed tissues
41
depletion/loss lymphopenia
GI loss (eg PLE, GI lymphoma, lympangectasia) chylothorax
42
congenital lymphopenia
due to lymphoid hypoplasia eg combined immunodeficiency syndrome of Arabian foals
43
lymphopenia associated with lymphoma
result of damage to lymph tissue and/or altered lymphocyte circulation
44
causes of monocytosis
inflammation steroids neoplasia-monocytic leukemia
45
inflammation monocytosis
infectious, immune-mediated disease, necrosis, hemorrhage, trauma
46
steroid monocytosis
increase endogenous/exogenous glucocorticoids in dogs & occasinoally cats
47
eosinophilia
parasitism hypersensitivity reaction Mast cell degranulation paraneoplastic idiopathic eosinophilic conditions neoplasia can have significant tissue eosinophilia while having normal eos conc in peripheral blood
48
eosinopenia
steroid leukogram marrow hypoplasia
49
basophilia
parasitism allergic/hypersensitivity reactions neoplasia
50
mastocytemia
inflammation/allergic rxn mast cell neoplasia
51
epinephrine leukogram
Mature neutrophilia-up to 2x URL for most spp (3x for cats) normal neutrophils lymphocytosis cats and horses transient change
52
steroid leukogram
mature neutrophilia-up to 2-3x URL neutrophils normal or hypersegmented lymphopenia +/-monocytosis-dog +/-eosinopenia-dog
53
classic inflammatory leukogram
neutrophilia +/- toxic change, left shift +/- monocytosis with chronicity, left shift and degree of toxic change may decrease or disappear as pdn of neutrophils in BM cataches up with peripheral demand
54
inflammatory leukogram (overwhelming tissue demand)
neutropenia +/- left shift, toxic change poor px factor in SAM pattern is anticipated in LAM (esp ruminants) because they have small marrow storage pools and slower marrow response times
55
endotoxemia leukogram
early-neutropenia due shift from circulating pool to marginated pool rebound-neutrophilia or WRI
56
marrow suppression leukogram
neutropenia lymphocytes WRI +/- anemia and thrombocytopenia-delay in these cytopenia due to longer life span
57
Dog WBC special facts
neutrophil is predominated circulating leukocyte monocytosis due to steroids most often seen in dog lymphocytes are small relatively large neutrophil storage pool and proliferative capacity
58
Cat WBC special facts
neutrophil is predominate circulating leukocyte healthy cats can have a small amount of Dohle bodies within neutrophils epinephrine leukogram-more often seen lymphocytes are small
59
Cattle WBC special facts
Neutrophils\>lymphocytes at birth lymphocytes may be \> neutrophils after 1 week with significant infl, neutropenia or degenerative left shift-due to relatively small bone marrow reserve pool and proliferative capacity lymphocyte morphology variable with small, medium and large lymphocytes BLV (persistent lymphocytosis and leukemia) increased fibrinogen concentration may be an early indicator of infl
60
horse WBC special facts
Neutrophils\>lymphocytes at birth (N:L ~3) Neutrophils\>lymphocytes in adults (N:L ~1-2) epinephrine leukogram seen more often (esp young horses) increased fibrinogen concentration early indicatory of infl may develop neutropenia/degenerative left shift with acute infl

clinical pathology (8 decks)

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