WC Test 2

Question 1

King William of Normandy

Answer 1

conquered England in 1066, establishing the Norman rule of the land; also known as William the Conqueror

Question 2

Phillip Augustus

Answer 2

also known as Philip II of France; held conquest over Normandy in 1204, which aided in the centralization of kingly authority

Question 3

Joan of Arc

Answer 3

though a woman, she aided in stealthy military strategy during the Hundred Years War; eventually captured and killed

Question 4

Pope Boniface VIII

Answer 4

Chased across Italy by Philip IV because of how corrupt the church had become. i.e. buying church offices, offices follows hereditary. Caused a split between Italian and French church factions, and moved the capital of the church to France. This humiliation caused a loss of spiritual authority in regards to the papacy because of their political involvement.

Question 5

Pope Gregory XI

Answer 5

returned the capital of the church back to Rome in 1377, but died immediately upon his arrival

Question 6

Pope Urban VI

Answer 6

the pope from Napals (which was a compromise due to their alliance with Roman factuals) that was elected upon the death of Gregory XI in 1378.

Question 7

Pope Clement VI

Answer 7

the rival pope elected in France during the rule of Urban VI in 1378, causing the “Great Schism” which lasted from 1378-1417 where two popes ruled at the same time.

Question 8

Marco Polo

Answer 8

son of a trader; journeyed from Italy to the far side of China going through access of the silk roads; the diaries he collected on these trips became some of the only information Europe knew about China and the far East.

Question 9

Marcilio Ficino

Answer 9

1433-1499. One of the most influential humanist scholars of the Italian renaissance. Involved in a Platonic Academy founded in 1450 by Cosimo de Medici, which served to tap into greek culture. It sparked a revival of classical culture, as well as shaping the idea of humanism, both secular and Christian

Question 10

Fransisco Petrarch

Answer 10

1304-1374. Humanist scholar who studied ancient manuscripts and was inspired by Cicero and Virgil. Devout Catholic.

Question 11

Giovanni Boccacio

Answer 11

1313-1375. Student of Petrarch. Studied manuscripts and fluent in Latin and Greek. Wrote “The Decameron” which is about 5 men and 5 women fleeing the city for the countryside during the black plague telling stories which portray the values held during the time of the plague. “The Decameron” was the birth of novels written for entertainment purposes.

Question 12

Niccolo Machiavelli

Answer 12

1469-1527. Wrote “The Prince” for de Medici, but it remained unpublished until 1542. This included a secular, individualistic concept of the state while removing religious components. It stated that you restrain power of the individual and you restrain power of the state.

Question 13

Baruch Spinoza

Answer 13

Believed in nothing - no structure in society; believed that everything was an illusion & based on preferences. In 1670, he wrote the “Theologico-Political Treatise.” He got a bad rap after this publication. It helped tear down the walls for more productive theories to come.

Question 14

Peter Bayle

Answer 14

was a French Protestant. In 1565, he wrote the “Historical and Critical Dictionary”. His views set the stage for more profound and critical absolutism for natural born rights.

Question 15

Isaac Newton

Answer 15

was the most impactful person in the Scientific Revolution. He discovered the spectrum of light in 1666. People accepted his theories more readily than scientists before him. He wrote “Principia” in 1687 - it was the fundamental change in the theory of wonder questions.

Question 16

Galileo Galilei

Answer 16

took research from Copernicus. Had a pamphlet war with the Catholic Church. He recanted in 1633; his ultimatum - he issued a public statement saying that he was wrong.

Question 17

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 17

“On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres” in 1543. Discovered the sun was in the center of the universe, not the earth.

Question 18

Rene Descartes

Answer 18

Theory of Rationalism -> the thought to take away the idea of supernatural acts that help describe our world
Discourse on Method -> (1637) was the establishment on the new idea of scientific thought/investigation.

Question 19

Francis Bacon

Answer 19

part of the scientific revolution. Wrote “New Method” in 1620
Empiricism - establishment of epistemology. Knowledgement from observation to make a general statement.

Question 20

Sir Thomas More

Answer 20

(1478-1535) Came from a wealthy family. Was a financial advisor for King Henry VIII. Wrote “Utopia” in 1516. Died at the hands of King Henry VIII due to his refusal of recognizing Anne Boleyn as Queen although he agreed to acknowledge the king’s divorce. He was beheaded after being kept in a tower to have a chance to “repent.”

Question 21

“Utopia”

Answer 21

was a criticism of english society (specifically the enclosure movement) not the catholic church. It exposed the classes (tension in english society). He had 3 main points.
1. Nowhere society
the perfect society cannot be structured on earth
2. Elimination of Money
people are greedy
3. Elimination of Social Class
causes tension and many problems; elimination of nobility

Question 22

Johannes Gutenberg

Answer 22

began the Print Revolution in 1450 through his invention of the printing press. He was less critical of scholasticism and was open to reform by offering the scripture in the original Greek, by still wanted to keep the Catholic Church. He was a poor businessman and died poor.

Question 23

Frederick the Wise

Answer 23

1517. Funded the University at Wittenberg to promote political power. The first protest of Luther was the 97 Theses of Curriculum Reform against the influence of Aristotle in scholasticism

Question 24

Desiderius Erasmus

Answer 24

(1466-1536) - Came from humble beginnings, was illegitimate. Part of his desire for intellectual reconstruction of Church was was to overcome the stain of his illegitimate birth. Worked with the Greek edition of the New Testament. Wrote “In Praise and Folly.” Had disagreements with Martin Luther on free will.
“In Praise and Folly” - was a satire condemnation of the catholic church on playing on people’s fears and using that to empower the church. This is what Erasmus is known for, which disappointed him.

Question 25

John Calvin

Answer 25

(1509-1564) - Fled from France to Switzerland. Was asked to leave Geneva, but then was asked back and built a new community in Geneva. Wrote “Institutes of the Christian Religion,” which spoke about how preaching is central, the word is central of experience, and how there should be no idolatry (including prayer to Mary). He believed in baptism, eucharist, and believed infant baptism is okay. He also believed in predestination. With predestination, good works alone is not enough to be saved; (getting saved) -> it’s going to happen if it’s God’s will.

Question 26

Louis XIV of France

Answer 26

(1643-1715) - He became the king of France at the age of 4. He thought that he had been sanctioned to transform France. Built the Palace of Versailles. After his rule he left a debt crisis; the debt outpaced earnings which placed a tax burden on lower-class citizens. His rule also ended religious toleration.

Question 27

Ulrich Zwingli

Answer 27

(1484-1531) Swiss reformer who had a hand in the “Sausage Scandal” in which his followers ate sausage in the streets during Lent and were arrested. Originally kicked out of Zurich but was welcomed back after a vote of support in 1523. Captured and beheaded during a 1531 war in Switzerland between Catholics and Protestants.

Question 28

The Great Famine

Answer 28

1315-1317 - In 1300 there was a climate change (cooler and wetter). This caused grain and salt shortages (grain molded before harvest and the lack of salt greatly affected meat preservation), population decline (from lack of food, lower birthrates, and susceptibility to disease), social crisis (peasant rebellions), and weak government action (separate manors refused to work together to solve the problem).

Question 29

Peasant Rebellions

Answer 29

Peasant Rebellions
France
1320 - Northern uprising: Call for government overthrow and the establishment of a new government based on Christianity. The Pope organized knights to put this one down.
1358 - Jacquerie: 95% males were named Jacq. This rebellion lasted longer but was eventually crushed by the nobles.
England - Better government structure that took longer to give way
1381 - Peasants’ Revolt: ended the same as it did in France

Question 30

Hundred Years War

Answer 30

1337-1453 - Was a contest of authority between England and France to settle the actions of William of France (my notes are not complete here…how did William conquer England?) This war was actually a series of four wars fought mostly on French soil. Joan of Arc was an important figure in the wars because she convinced the French to fight sneak attacks rather than head on. France won the war but its population was reduced by 50% by a combination of famine, war, and disease.

Question 31

The Black Death

Answer 31

Spread into Europe from China along trading routes (through Genoa) around 1347 and killed about 25% of the known world’s population. This disease was blamed on the Jews (most of them were craftsmen and traders) and some even blamed the wickedness of themselves: flagellants.

Question 32

The Crisis in the Church

Answer 32

1303 - King Philip IV of France questioned the pope’s ability to tax and Pope Boniface VIII didn’t like Philip’s rule. Philip sent an army after Boniface who freaked out so much that he died. In 1305, the first French pope, Clement V, is elected and the papacy is moved to Arigon.

Question 33

The Great Schism

Answer 33

(1378-1417) - two popes: Avignon, France and Rome, Italy. The church lost a lot of credibility as the people could see this was a political scramble.

Question 34

The Print Revolution

Answer 34

(1450) – Johannes Gutenberg started it, concerned more with the application of the humanist ideas to the Catholic church, 150 Bibles printed, ability to replicate machine was poorly managed, explosion of an access to written materials.

Question 35

Augustinian Convention

Answer 35

(1518) – Luther was called before them and had to explain/defend himself for his theses, convention ended up applauding him, which def isn’t what the Popester wanted. Leo called Luther back to Rome after this, but of course he didn’t accept.

Question 36

Debate with Eck

Answer 36

(1520) – Luther’s debate with Leo’s representative (Eck), he charged Luther with heresy, gave him 60 days to recant or be excommunicated.

Question 37

Diet of Worms

Answer 37

(1521) – Princes start to flock to Luther and Frederick the Wise, committee trying to decide course of action, Luther was officially excommunicated, given 30 days to recant, Pope says LOL JK no protection, and declares him an outlaw, and peeps try to kill him. Frederick sends men to “kidnap” him; it was voluntary captivity.

Question 38

German Peasants War/Revolt

Answer 38

(1524-1525) - peasants refused to tithe and pay landlords. Luther was asked to calm down the revolt. Luther sent out a pamphlet stating that his views should not be used for a social uphevel.

Question 39

First Diet of Speyer

Answer 39

(1526) – Princes meet with representatives of the Popester and the Popester himself, they decide on a temporary truce, and state that individual princes could decide their own town’s religion.

Question 40

Sausage Scandal

Answer 40

Zwingli found no scriptural basis for not eating meat during Lent, ate sausage in the town square, and was expelled from Zurich.

Question 41

Schmalkaldic Wars

Answer 41

(1531-1555) - Basically a stand against Catholicism by Protestants mostly in Denmark, Norway, and the territory of the German princes against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles of Spain.
In 1547, the Protestants rally with the help of Henry II of France who was Catholic.
1555 - Peace of Augsburg - Technically a Catholic win but the treaty was especially generous to the Protestants because everyone just wanted to end the war. It was decided that the religion of the prince (Catholic or Lutheran) would be the religion of the people. If people didn’t like it, they could leave.

Question 42

Edict of Nantes

Answer 42

(1598) – gave Protestants protection in France, set a precedent for religious tolerance

Question 43

Revolt of the Netherlands

Answer 43

(1566-1609) – In 1566 the Netherlands pass to Philip II of Spain who wanted to tax them to get some of their wealth, fighting for autonomy – he wins. This split them between North and South. In 1609, the North wins independence, and the South was full of Catholics.

Question 44

Thirty-Years War

Answer 44

(1618-1648) – Mainly between the Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire. In 1608, German princes form a defensive league called the Lutheran League, and the Catholics form a league in response. In 1618, the king demanded the Protestants pay double tax since they are not paying a religious tax, and they push his representatives out a window. The Lutheran League comes to Bohemian aid at this point. 1631 Siege of Magdeburg (Danish phase), 1648 Peace of Westphalia (stalemate), it was very violent, and the Holy Roman Empire fragmented and loses political power, Spanish become bankrupt and weak, lose European position, Portugal splits and they lose grip over the new world.

Question 45

Fall of the Bastille

Answer 45

(July 14, 1789) – price of bread rises, 700 Parisians (mostly women) storm inside to capture weapons/explosives, served as a symbol for support

Question 46

The Great Fear

Answer 46

(July 19- August 3, 1789) – a series of peasant revolts that created a general sense of fear and panic among the country, they stopped paying their dues as well. On August 4th, the aristocrats cede their privileges, and this quiets down the situation, and the wealthy peace out. The national assembly issues the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen” which declared EVERYONE’S natural rights.

Question 47

October Days

Answer 47

(October 5, 1791) – King had just been chillin’ at Versailles until this happened. 2,000 angry people (mainly women) marched to Versailles because they are hungry. Marie Antoinette supposedly says “Let them eat cake!” and they imprison the King and his family.

Question 48

Divine Right of Kings

Answer 48

The doctrine that kings derive their authority from God, not their Subjects, which makes rebellion a crime punishable by death. Louis XIV (the guy who had tons of wives, one sickly son, and a few beheadings) claimed a form of this called absolutism in France.

Question 49

Feudalism

Answer 49

Mutual obligations between two parties: between landowner and landholder. The dominant social system in medieval Europe, the Crown gave lands to the nobility in exchange for military service, and the vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants lived on the land and were obligated to work the land in return for food and rent. Land is called a fief.

Question 50

The 4 phases of the Reformation:

Answer 50

Christ to Diocletian
Constantine to Charlemagne (church merged into society)
Papacy to the Great Schism (questioning of papacy from France & England, Disintegration of reputation of the church)
Luther’s protest-1517-1519, Martin Luther’s protest to the Catholic church to the selling of indulgences. He famously wrote the 95 thesis which was mass produced to all of Europe, tried to reform the church from within

Question 51

Humanism

Answer 51

Began as a Renaissance movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived the interest about ancient Greek and Roman thought. An outlook or system of thought giving humans importance over God or any other supernatural beings.

Question 52

Medieval Europe and its Decline

Answer 52

) When the Great Famine of the 1300’s (see above) happened, the feudal system blew up on itself. The population decline and social crisis of the masses of starving people was only multiplied by the weak Government. This inability to deal with large scale crisis lead to the three peasant uprisings in
1320- Northern Uprising, put down by Pope John 22
1358- Jacquerie pillaged and caused destruction in England
1381- Peasants revolt

Question 53

The Origins and structure of feudalism in medieval Europe

Answer 53

Origins: The renewed invasions and the disintegration of the Carolingian empire led to the emergence of feudalism. Governments had ceased to defend their subjects, and it became important to find a powerful lord that would offer protection in exchange for service.

Question 54

Feudal system in Europe

Answer 54

Lord-Ruled over a large portion of land, a King in these times, gives land
Vassal- Given land by the King, paid taxes to King
Knights- Protected land the Vassals assigned, paid taxes to vassal
Peasants- Worked the land the Knights protected, paid taxes to knights and vassals
Land given to someone, how much

Primogeniture-Land passes to the eldest son

Question 55

The Function of Homage and knighthood within the feudal compact

Answer 55

Homage- A special honor or respect shown to a Lord or vassal
Knighthood- granted by a Lord or vassal for the military protection of their land. A large amount of loyalty and trust was expected of these men.

This was important to the feudal system because the knights now held a higher rank and almost a religious significance in the feudal system. The knights duty went from normal protection to a call to arms. The Lord would provide armor and weapons to the knights in exchange for protection, and if they performed well they would be given more land and power. The oath vassals, especially knights, took was even more strict and binding than a marriage vow.

Question 56

The consequences of feudalization on the Medieval Church and in the formation of different states in Western Europe

Answer 56

Because of feudalization of the church, problems with corruption in the church, including the sale of indulgences arose. The Bishops, Abbots, and Priests were landowners as well. In the 11th century, the Clunaic Reforms established that members of the clergy couldn’t have a secular lord. They were ruled ultimately by the Pope. This meant that members of the clergy could not be vassals of a secular lord. This caused some lords to give the church the land, but, more often, the rule was ignored.
See above for the formation of the 3 estates.

Question 57

The role of the Black Death in the destruction of the medieval status quo (feudal power structures, landholding patterns, medieval worldviews)

Answer 57

The Black death spread into Europe from China in 1347, spread originally along the trading routes. Reduced the population of France by 50% and 25% of the total population of Europe. It led to persecution, especially of Jews. It also caused some factions, like the flagellants, to blame the church.

Question 58

The factors involved in the gradual loss of legitimacy and power of the Catholic Church (esp. the Indulgence Controversy and the Great Schism)

Answer 58

In 1303 Pope Boniface VIII was humiliated by Philip IV of France after being chased across Europe by the French army. The pope died from the trauma of the event. In 1305 a French archbishop elected Pope Clement V and moves the papacy to Rome from Avignon. The Great Schism- 1377 Pope Gregory XI returns to Rome and dies and Neapolitan (Urban VI) was elected as pope. He was a representative from Naples. Rival pope (Clement VII) elected by French cardinals in Avignon. In 1414, the Council on Constance deposed both popes and elected new pope to Rome. Other people worth noting: Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin. As a consequence of the 30 years war, Calvinism was added to religious choices.

Question 59

The growth of mercantilism and its impact on the formation of Italian trading states (and the powerful families ruling them), as well as its influence on exploration and conquest.

Answer 59

Marco Polo inspired the growth of mercantilism, because he was one of the first worldwide travellers that documented his travels and contacts. The goods that he brought back created a desire to travel and obtain these goods. Trading states emerged, including Belgium, Luxemburg, and Venice.
Wealthy families ruled these states, because mercantilism was dependent on a positive balance of trade.
The incentives to explore were:
o Bypassing the Silk Road to avoid the Mongols
o Strike against Islam by basically saying “I don’t wanna give my money to Muslims.”
o Domination of trade routes- money is going primarily to fund international expeditions to build trade routes.

Question 60

The political, economic, social, and cultural aspects of the Italian Renaissance and how they differed from what had existed under medieval feudalism

Answer 60

Politically, Northern Italy was still ruled by wealthy families (republic). Socially, the Platonic Academy was formed, which trained upper-middle class men to rise as an elite. In addition to this, people began abandoning their obsession with religion. They realized that they don’t “have” to act with God in mind, and they could act as a secular nation. Machiavelli came up with the idea that all moral obligations need to be abandoned in order for them to survive as a state. “The end justifies the means”

Question 61

The Protestant Reformation

The immediate and long term factors influencing the start of the Protestant Reformation in 1517

Answer 61

There were problems with the church barriers between the individual and personal salvation. Started with curriculum reform started by Frederick the Wise, and then the 95 Theses by Martin Luther, with the Indulgence Controversy as context.

Question 62

Main responses to the Protestant Reformation and their significance (Radical Reformation, Catholic Reformation)

Answer 62

Radical Reformation – Anabaptists (Zwickau Prophets, Swiss Brethren, Mennonites) and the Millenarians (Munster Rebellion)

Catholic Reformation – A new monastic sect called the Jesuits arose to serve as the new face of the Catholic Church. They wanted their foundation to be on a military order (walking on glass, tests), education (universities), service, and missionary work (New France, China, and Japan). With the Council of Trent they acknowledged corruption, banned indulgences, came up with seminaries and other educational institutions, and closed the door for reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants. This changed the Catholic beliefs from doctrine to dogma (unchallengeable)

Question 63

The different manifestations of the wars of religion ( England, France, the Netherlands, the Thirty Years’ War)

Answer 63

England - ????

France – Calvinists that were forced out of the Roman Empire came to France. This war was between the Catholics and the Huguenots (French Calvinists). It arose because of political conflicts due to the death of Henry II. After he died, 3 different families wanted to run the kingdom. They used 7 wars to gain support. In 1560, Henry IV became King, and converted to Catholicism in 1593. In 1572, the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre occurred, and in 1598, the Edict of Nantes was issued.

Netherlands – in 1566, the Netherlands are given to Philip II of Spain, and he wanted to tax them to get some of their wealth, and fight for autonomy, which he won. This caused a split between the North and the South. In 1609, the North gains independence, and the south was still full of Catholics.

Thirty Years’ War – see above.

Question 64

Absolutism, Enlightenment, and French Revolution

Answer 64

Economic- Precious metals were running low, gold and silver was hoped to be found in the Americas. Finding a faster passage to Asia. Avoid Arab middleman that make them pay for trade, and finding new people meant new trade.
Technological- Potential for find new knowledge in new lands. The thirst for knowledge in the renaissance sparked a new interest in finding new knowledge in a new world
Political- Most nations in the 16th century fought to be the first to do everything. They wanted the new items from exotic places. If new route to Asia was found, they could control this route and tax it, letting them gain power and presige
Cultural- Most European countries were primarily christian, spreading Christianity to the indigenous people would bring glory to God and their country. The savages they encountered needed to be westernized and brought to christ so that they could be civilized people as well.

Question 65

Be able to compare and contrast the character of absolute monarchies in France, Prussia, and Russia in the 16th and 17th centuries

Answer 65

France – Louis XIV. Beginning of a modern state (centralized government, national legislation and judiciary, standing military, and theater of power. Seeds of conflict were that the debt outpaced earnings (taxation only on people) and there was an end to religious toleration (driving away protestants who were typically productive citizens, which slowed economy)
Prussia – Frederick William the Great. Wanted to build a great military to hold Prussia’s place. Military industrial complex meant that all economic production was put into the military. They had a centralized tax system/bureaucracy, and conflicts with the Junkers (landowners/nobles) because they felt threatened because their power was taken away by national government.
Russia – Peter the Great. Russia didn’t get to experience the Renaissance because of Mongol rule. Peter forced Russia to modernize and westernize, by creating his “Window to the West” in St. Petersburg. There was forced migration, westernization, and a standing army that couldn’t be properly funded.

Question 66

Be able to describe the circumstances under which the Enlightenment, emerged, as well as the differences between the Dutch, English, Scottish, and French movements

Answer 66

The Enlightenment emerged under the humanism movement, reformation in the church, commercial revolution, and the scientific revolution (see above).
Dutch Enlightenment – Started in the Netherlands, Peter Bayle (see above), Baruch Spinoza (see above).
English Enlightenment – John Locke (see above)
Scottish Enlightenment – Adam Smith (see above)
French Enlightenment – Salon Culture, which was intellectual debates that happen in residences called “salons”, prolific literature forms. Montesquieu (see above) and Voltaire (see above)

Question 67

Be able to trace the events and identify major figures and documents leading up to the French Revolution in 1789

Answer 67

Issues of Louis XIV – economic weaknesses increasing and eroding absolute power, taxation issues (from supporting the American Revolution, trying to compensate for debt, third estate taxed and began to speak out), 7 Years War. Only the Bourgeoise and the Peasants were being taxed. They already had no money and now half of their income went towards the debt. In 1788, the Estates General is called, want to reform tax laws. Each estate drew up a list of economic grievances. On May 5, 1789, the Estates General convened at Versailles. Each state has 1 vote, which allows top 2 classes to block anything the bottom one tries. The 3rd estate petitioned to change the voting system to be fairer, but it didn’t work. And then they freaked and killed everyone.

Question 68

Be able to trace the sequence of events and identify major figures throughout the moderate and radical stages of the French Revolution

Answer 68

Moderate Revolution:
Louis XVI - Ran state very well, spent a lot with military projects and foreign affairs
Oath of the Tennis Courts – (June 20) top estates locked peasants out, had to go to the tennis courts.
Fall of the Bastille (see above)
The Great Fear (see above)
October Days (see above)
Flight to Varennes – (June 20, 1791) Louis and his family attempt to flee to meet Austrian troops to escape. Marie Antoinette’s brother was trying to help them. Revolutionaries recognize him and put him in prison for realz, and sealed his fate.
The Reforms of the National Assembly – abolition of noble privilege (exemption from taxes), statement of human rights, subordination of church to state, centralized administration (taxes/laws applied better), national standardization (weights and measures, integrated economy), Constitution (1791)
Radical Revolution:
“Sans Culottes”
August 10, 1792, attack on king’s palace – forced him into strict house arrest
September Massacres – prison massacres
September 21 – monarchy abolished
September 22 – Republic established
January 21, 1793 – Louis and Marie executed
The National Convention – Girondins and Jacobins. June 22, 1793, 80,000 armed sans-culottes expel and arrest Girondin politicians (radicals now hold executive power)
The Reign of Terror – June 1793 to July 1794. Committee of Public Safety (5 men), Maximilian Robespierre. 17,000 killed, 100,000 detained. Robespierre’s execution ended the Reign of Terror.
The Directory – 5 member executive council, legislature (council of 500, council of the ancients), in November 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte seized power.