WCPractrionerI_deck_1783306 Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
The four pillars of Resource Management
A
- Better Management - sustainability.
- Full Cost pricing- private utilities work through PUC; go to PUC to recover costs.
- Water Efficiency: promote through WaterSense
- Watershed Approach: the source all the way to use, coming out of watershed so that we don’t have to treat as much Water rates are main way to WC – we live in a desert
2
Q
WHAT is the DWR?
A
CADept of Water Resources
- Manages CA water resources in cooperation w/other agencies.
- CA water plan – every 5 yrs
- Quantify gap between supply and uses (Agri,Urban and EnvironmentalUWMP – every 5 yrs Everyone does is that is 3,000 AF/y or 3,000 connections
- Goal of WC is 1,000,000 MAF/Yr by 2020
3
Q
WHAT is the USBR?
A
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
- 17 western states and 5 regions
- Operate Central Valley Project and Colorado River
- Regulates conservation through individual regional contract requirements
4
Q
CEC
A
CA Energy commission
- The Water Industry is the lagest user of elect in the state – approx. 7% of total use
5
Q
What is the CUWCC, when started, what do they do?
A
California Urban Water Conservation Council
- Formed in 1991 (severe drought time)
- Develop BMPs (Best Management Practices)
- They established many current cons practices and standards
6
Q
Who puts out the Water Quality Regulations?
A
Department of Public Health
7
Q
What does the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) control?
A
Water Rights, Discharges, and recycling
8
Q
Hydrologic Cycle
A
Solid»_space; melting»evaporation»sublimation»Deposition»_space; Freezing»_space; Condenstation
9
Q
What is evaporation?What is biological evaporation?
A
Transpiration- biological systems making from liquid to gas
10
Q
Combination of biological evaporation and regular evaporation?
A
ET or evapotranspiration
11
Q
What does the Sun provide?
A
The energy to move water.
12
Q
Surface»_space;» AtmosphereAtmosphere»_space;» SurfaceSurface»_space;»» SubsurfaceSurface»_space;»» Surface : subsurface flowinfiltration recharge
A
EvapotranspirationPrecipatationPerculationRunoffPercolation is also _____________ ______________ AKA ________________ and ¬¬¬¬¬___________________
13
Q
How do people fit into the hydrologic cycle.
A
We remove water from (2) key areas of the Hydrologic Cycle:
Surface Water
Groundwater
14
Q
Where does the water we use go?
A
Evapotranspiration
Percolation (from irrigation)
Runoff – vie wastewater treatment plants – the wastes are removed to minimize environmental impact
15
Q
Measurement has (2) dimensions.
A
Numbers and Units (dimensions)
16
Q
Las Vegas groundwater basin
La Cienega
A
“TheMeadows”“The Marsh”
17
Q
What happened with the discovery of groundwater and how to acess it (with wells)
A
Allowed people to move away from surface waters
18
Q
Static Water LevelPumping Water LevelDrawdownRadius of influenceCone of depression
A
In a well this is where the water level is before pumpingThe distance tothe new pumping levelbetween static and level after pumpHow far does water pull from - circularthe funnel distance when pumping
19
Q
Groundwater problems
A
Overuse can lead to overdraft and possibly subsidence
Groundwater moves very slowly, so contamination events linger for years
20
Q
Major Surface Water supplies
A
LA Aqueduct from Owens Valley Colorado River Aqueduct Hetch Hetchy (San Francisco) Central ValleyProject-BOR built Mt Shasta State Water Project - DWR and State The Bay-Delta
21
Q
LA. Aqueduct
A
1st major water project in CA
Water from Owens Valley
Constructed from 1908-1913
22
Q
Colorado River serves _____ people and
A
22 million people Las Vegas, S CalGlen Canyon Dam - Lake PowellHoover Dam - Lake MeadDavis Dam - Lake MohaveParker Dam - Lake Havasu
23
Q
Colorado River
When did const begin?
Who operates it?
Water is divided by how many states and what other entities?
Name the Upper Basin & Lower Basin states.
A
Construction began 1930’s
Governed by USBR
Rights: 7 US states, American Indians, and Mexico
4 Upper states (Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico)
3 Lower states (Arizona, CA, Nevada)
24
Q
Colorado River Aqueduct provides water to these dams and lakes
A
Parker Dam (Lake Havasu) was built to create source for intake pump station which was given to USBRLake Mathews, Diamond Valley Lake- terminal reservoirs
25
Colorado river Aqueduct Hetch Hetchy System
operated by San Fran Pub Utilities commission85% of SF total water needs2M urban customers no agriculturalcompleted in 1934Hetch Hetchy Valley flooded to create reservoit
26
Central Valley Project is Operated by what # of reservoirs and total storage?
USBOR
22reservoirs
11 MAF of storage
27
Main storage of Central Valley Project
Lake Shasta - mostly irrigation but 2 M urban cust
28
State Water Project
Who operates?
Who does it serve?
DWR- began operation in 1970's - still not completed
29 agencies,
70% municipal
30% agricultural
29
State Water Project main reservoir?Generates what percentage of State's hydro power?
Lake Oroville
| 24%
30
Bay Delta-what is it?
| What are its water reources?
- Largest estuary on west coast of North America
- Sacramento, San Joaquin, and other rivers
- Both State Water Project (SWP)) and Central Valley Project (CVP) supplies travel through delta channels, disrupting natural flows
31
In Northern Nevada - who is responsible for water and what percentage comes from surface and what delivery system?
Truckee Meadows Water Authority 85% surface water from Truckee River
32
Southern Nevada - where does water come from and who handles it?
90% surface water from Colorado River handled by Southern Nevada Water Authority
33
Rural Nevada where from
Nevada Rural Water Assn
34
Other water resources
desalMelting Ice Bergscondensing water vapor - seeding clouds?Cisterns and rain water captureRecycled water from wastewate treatment - non-potable uses - irrg and industryGroundwater injection- prevents seawater intrusionGrey water- limited quantities, potential public health issues
35
What is the water code for recycled water? Define recycled water.
Water Code Section 13050
Water which as a result of treatment of waste, is suitable for direct beneficial use or a controlled use that would not otherwise occur and is therefore considered a valuable resource regulated by the State Water resources Control Board
36
Water Rights to Colorado river - what are they?
Law of the river - CR allocated among seven states, Amer Indians, and Mexico : Colorado Wyoming Utah New Mexico Arizona Nevada California Beneficial Use - water cannot be wasted rights can be lost if water use is not deemed both beneficial and efficient
37
CUWCC - when formed - what did it do?
Formed in 1991 with MOU.
- It had 14 best mgmt. practices
- In 2008 changed to 5 and added flex track now incorporated into state law in SB 7x-7
- The Water Conservation Act of 2009
38
UWMP required when?
suppliers with >300 connections and /or delivery of >3000 AF/yrdemand forcast of at least 20 yrsincludes water shortage contingency plans sources of water for all new deelopments need to be identified in advance provide description of Demand Mgmt. Measures - DMMS N- new BMPs
39
Who handles agricultural demands?
Agricultural Water Management Council created in 1996 for farms >10,000 acres16 MOUs with 16 BMPsif shown to be cost-effective must be implemented
40
SB7x-7 requires what for Agriculture?
Agricultural Water Mgmt plans are required to be submitted to DWR
41
Agricultural Water Efficient Practices include:
SurveysIncentive pricing - tier pricingefficient irrg saytems - micro spray/dripother tillage, soil, irrigation actinstailwater reuse, and canal lining and mgmt runoff sent to ditch and then reused
42
Nevada Conservation: resource plans required to be updated every ____ years
5
43
Nevada resource plans must:
comply with NRS (Nevada Revised Statures) 540 (effective 2007)
44
Area of rectangle 24 inches wide and 10 feet long?
2" x 10" = 20 sq ft
45
Area of circle:
Area of circle = pie r squared
46
cross sectional area of an 18 inch pipe?
3.14 x 18/12 = 3.14 x 3/4 squared =
47
Volume of a cube
(Length x width) x height
48
Volume of a cylinder
height x area of base
49
vomume of storage tank 25 feet wide by 50 ft long by 15 feet deep
25x50x15 = 18,750 ft cubed
50
volume of a storage tank that measures 50 feet in diameter by 20 ft deep?
3.14 x xr squared x height3.14 x 25 x 25 x 20 = 39,250 ft squared
51
Gallons in 39,250 ft cubed
39250 x 7.48/1 cubic foot =
52
1 CCF is ________________
1 HCF or 748 gallons
53
How many gallons of water to Irrigate lawn that is 25 ft by 16 ft wide at 1.5 " of water
16 ft x 25 ft x 1.5"x 1 ft/12" =
54
What is demand hardening?
The long term decrease in overall system demand, due to increased use of conservation measures
55
Water Pressure and flow rate are __________________________ flows reduce system _________
complimentaryHigh pressure
56
conservation __________ flow rates, and should thus increase system pressures - but usually not __________ increases
reduces
| significant
57
Minimum system pressure is _______ (for emergency - fire)
20 p.s.i.
58
Water Loss Control sources of water (________) >> treatment >>>> distribution system >> customer
possible losses
59
Water Loss Control System Audits are:
comprehensive metering of water flowsfrequent meter accuracy checksidentify "gaps" in water inventoryidentifying "non-revenue" water
60
Leak detection - from where and percentage of water losses.
find leaks: from system audits from system inspections including using sonic devices zero-read teste (meters that have malfunctioned)3-15%
61
Water Meters and water loss water meters are an essential tool for what?
for efficient water use- this is true for test but may not be in real world
62
Type of water meters or flow type.
positive displacementvelocity (current)pressure differentialmagneticultrasonic
63
What is a nutating disk water meter?
It is a positive displacement meterdisk wobbles and indicates vol of water passed5/8"-2" most commonwill underregister as gets oldernot for continuous high flow
64
What is a velocity meter?
velocity of water turns propeller or called turbinenot good for suspended solid wateralso known as "Current" meters2"-8"large volume
65
What is a venturi flow meter?
pres measured before and within the constriction pres differential is used o calculate flowuses Bernoulli's equationcan do clean, dirty, viscous, liquids
66
What type of meter uses a circular hole?
Orifice Plate Flow Meter
67
Explain an orifice plate flow meter
flat orifice plate with a circular holepres measured upstream and downsteam of platefluid flow measured by pres differentialclean, dirty liquids, some slurry
68
What type of meter does not have any parts in the liquid flow?
Magnetic Flow Meterwell-suited for raw surface water flowsfor sludge and wastewaterlow friction loss through metervoltage induced as fluid moves at right angle through magnetic field is proportional to velocity of fluid"Faraday's Law"
69
Do meters have limit to max readings?
Yes, a 200 gpm meter will not register flows above 200 gpm even is customer uses more
70
Do meters have limits on their minimum reading capability?
Yes. Typicall 10:1 range.Flows below 10 percent may not register on meter 200 gpm meer may not sense flows below 20 gpm
71
What meter is used for wide range of flows?
Compound meter used for customers with flow range of greater that 10:1Nutating disk for low flowsturbine meter for high flowsusually used for 3"-8" industrial/commercial connections
72
For meter accuracy meters must meet AWWA accuracy standards (M6 Manual). What is typical accuracy range?
plus or minus 1.5%min res meter flow rates: 0.25 - 0.50 gpmnormal useful life of meter 15-25 yrsproper install of meter critical to accuracy
73
What is primary purpose of water rates?
Recover all costs of tiered service
74
What is secondary purpose of water rates?
Encourage conservation (by tier rate structure)
75
What are the type of rates?
- Flat Rate- non metered
- Declining rate - volume discount- the more you use the less you pay per unit
- Inclining rate - most common-tiered-more you use more you pay
76
What is the base rate or _____ charge?
service charge each billing period regardless of how much water you use
77
What is the commodity charge?
charge for the actual commodity usage - has tiers for inclining and declining rates
78
For inclining obviously charge ________ in each tier
increased
79
Example of w commodity and base rate bill
base rate: $12/monthTier 1 rate: $1/ccf for first 10 ccfTier 2 Rate: $2/ccf for next 10 ccfTier 3 Rate: $3/ccf for any additional use
80
In 4 hrs water tank volume increases by 24,000 gals. What is the flow rate?
Must be in gals/min24,000 gals/4 hrs = 6,000 gals/hr x 1 hr/60mins = 100 gals/min
81
4 hrs volume increase by 24,000 gals. What is flow rate of water filling the tank?
Must want in gals/min.24,000 gals/4 hrs x 1 hr/60 mins = 100 gals/min
82
How many gallons of water can be pumped in six hrs if pumping rate is 2000 gpm?
2,000 gals/min x 6 hrs x 60 mins/1 hr = 200 gallons720,000
83
How long to drain a 200,000 gal pool if drain rate is 5,000 gpm?
200,000 gallons x 1 minute/5,000 gals = 4 mins
84
How long to drain a 200,000 gallon pool at rate is 5,000 gpm?
200,000 gals x 1 min/5,000 gals = 40 mins
85
Gals of water dispensed by single spray irrig head flowing at 1.0 gpm for 5 mins?
1.0 gals/min x 5 mins = 5 gals
86
gals of water dispensed by a group of 12 spray irrg heads that each flow at 0.5 gpm for 4 mins?
12 spray heads x 0.5 gals/min x 4 mins = 24 gals
87
What % of residential use is typically used outdoors?
50%
88
What is the highest user of water indoors San Francisco?
toilets
89
Breakdown % of indoor residential water use?
26. 7% toilets,
21. 7% clothes washer,
16. 9% SH,
15. 7% faucets
13. 7% leaks,
5. 3% other,
90
What do you do about SF res audit?
"Audit" or "survey"Look at historical water use - billing data, meter readsCheck for leaks - dye test, visual inspection, water meterretrofit - SH, Aer, Automatic hose shut off nozzle, etcInspect landscape and irrig sys look at irrig sched, do catch can test, soil core samplinginspec "other" outdoor water usesList all potenaial wate saving opportunitiestrack results, eval measures
91
What are the mzx standards for SH, faucets, toilets, urinals?
Federal Title 42 U.S. Code, sec 6295
92
AWE?Plumbing codes:USGBCLEED for homesREGREEN
Alliance for Water EfficiencyUS Green Bldg CouncilLeadership in Energy & Environmental DesignSF low riseMF MF midrizeREGREEN Residential remodeling Program
93
Federal Energy Policy Act of 1992
I think this set the 2.5 gpm SH? and 2.2 gpm aerators
94
Fixture and Appliance Efficiency SH water effic over years Toilet eff over yrs Faucet aerator Clothes Washers
SH 1975 3.5 1980 2.5 1992 2.5 2009 2.5 2011 2.0Toilets 1975 5.0 1980 3.6 1992 1.6 2009 1.6 2011 1.28Faucets 1975 2.5 1980 2.5 1992 2.5 2009 2.2 2011 2.8CW 1975 15 1980 15 1992 15 2009 8.5 2011 6
95
Urinal types?
Low Flow - 0.5 gpfUltra Low Flow - 0.125 gpf (1/8)Waterless - 0 gpf
96
Largest user in house?2nd largest user?3rd largest user?
ToiletsClothes WashersSH - max of 2.0 gpm at 80 p.s.i.
97
Rating for bathroom faucet low volume aerator?WaterSense faucet aerator?
1.8 gpm at 80 p.s.i.1.5 gpm at 60 psi
98
Actual faucet water flow is ____ or rated flow and why?
2/3's because faucet is usually not operated fully open
99
Automated faucet metered valve gpc?
gallons/cycle 0.25 gpc usually 10 secs
100
Dishwashers congress enacted H.R. 6?
2007
101
Dishwashers - Jan 1 2010 new numbers:
355 kWh per year; 6.5 gpc
102
Outdoor water use comprises ____ to ____ of all household water use in CA
50 to 70%
103
Nevada - what % is outdoor use?
55%
104
Other outdoor uses beyond landscape?
car washing, cleaning, pools/spas
105
Fountain water loss possibilities?
evaporation, splash, leaks, cleaning
106
A hotel converts 40 SH from 3.5 gpm to 1.8 gpm units. Annual water savings from (2) 10 min showers daily.
40 x (3.5 gpm - 1.8 gpm) x 20 mins x 365 days/1 year = 496,400
107
Hotel converst 40 SH from 3.5 gpm to 1.8 gpm. Annual water savings? 10 min showers, 2 per day
40 SH x (3.5 gpm-1.8 gpm) x 20 x 365 days/yr = 496,400
108
Home coverts 1/3 of its .6 acre lawn to hardscape. Lawn consumed 48 inches of water/yr what is their annual water savings?
1/3 x 0.6 acre x 43560 sf/1 acre x 4 ft= 34,848 cubic ft
109
Home converts 1/2 of its .6 acre to hardscape. If lawn consumed 48 inces of water per year, what is their annual water savings?
34,848 cu ft x 7.48 gallons/cu ft = 260,663
110
Different ways to classify commercial?
SIC Codes (OSHA Standard Indust Classification)NAICE Codes (North American Industry Classification System)NIC Code (National Industrial Classification)
111
What are the typical Major Water Uses in CII sector?
Heat transfer (heating/cooling)Domestic uses (toilets, urinals)Landscape irrigation
112
What are the typical major water uses in Industrial (manufacturing/ processing)
heat transfer (heating/cooling)material transfer (Industrial processing)CleaningIngredient
113
What are some of the CII Conservation Incentives?
reduce water, sewer, and/or energy costs, reduce meter size, facility infrastructure , staffRestrictions or penalties for wasteAssistance w/replacement of inefficent equip: heating, cooling, plumbing, irrigationAlways thin "BOTTOM LINE"
114
What are some of the typical CII wc measures?
Faucet/toilet/urinal retrofitSH repPRSN repServing water by request onlyClothes washer retrofitWBIC installIrrigation surveysCooling tower/boiler improvementsProcess water recirculation
115
Issues with CII Conervation - "COSTS"?
Upfront investmentLost time during retrofitROI not good enoughEmployee culture to changeConservation effects - to operations, processes, maintenance, etc.Disconnect between person using water, and person payging bill.
116
What is entailed in a basic CII Survey?
Need customer support by explaining the purpose and processOn-site water use inventory where and how muchCalculate coste water, sewer, energy,treatmentIdentify potential efficienciesPaybackImplement conservation plantrack results
117
How much water does commercial dishwashers use?
2.5 and 8 gpm for conveyor and spray
118
How much water do icemakes use?
Typically 20-90 gals to make 100 lbs ice (depending on ice quality)
119
Typical useful life of an icemaker?
5 years - use flake instead of cube if possible.
120
CII laundry machines use how much water?
2.5 to 3.5 gals per pound of laundry
121
Save water in CII Laundry by doing what?
wash full loads only; rinse reuse/water treatment continuous batch reuses some rinse water (not 1st rinse)reduce demand - towel reuse, disposable "linen"newer equipment
122
Cost Savings equals?
Water Saved x Water Rate
123
A landscaping project will save 34,812 ft 3 of water per year. If rate is $3/ccf what is the annual cost savings?
34,812 ft3 x $3/100ft3 = $1,044.36
124
What is the abbreviation for plants w/lower water requirements?
WUCOLS
125
What does water provide for plants?
mineral transport, plant metabolism, structural support, chemical transport through plant, cooling mechanism.
126
Give the particle size of each type of soil?
Clay - smallest particle size, least permeable, high runoff potential
127
Water is lost to atmosphere from what actions?
Evaporation + Transpiration = evapotransporation
128
What is reference ETo?
the evapotranspiration from healthy, adequately watered, well maintained cool season grass 4 to 6 inches in height and is measured by local weather stations
129
Crop coefficients are used to do what?
To convert measured ETo into actual ET of other specific crops.
130
What does WUCOLS stand for and what does it mean?
Water Use Classification of Landscape Species.
| It is a guide designed to identify irrig water needs of landscape species - for over 1,900 species used in CA
131
Give percentages pf reference ETp fpr WUCOLS?
H - 70-90% EToM - 40-60% EToL - 10-30% EToVL-
132
When and only when should you use turf?
When the landscape needs to tolerate wear (children, animals, sports)
133
What types of turf are there?
Cool season - tend to be evergreen and require regular summer water (Marathon sod (fescue and are usually overwatered).
Warm season grasses - usually go dormant in the winter (turn brown), but use substantially less water from the cool season grasses
134
Types of cool season turf grass.
Cool Season- fescue, rye grass (perenial/ annual) Kentucky Blue grass; Bent grass
135
Types of warm season turf grass?
Hybrid Bermuda, St Augustine, Zoysia grass, buffalo grass
136
Turf Grass Maintenance help?
raise mowing height in summer monthsspring and fall irrig sys inspectioncheck soil moisure (core probe)adjust drip irrg emitters as plants maturewater deep and infrequentlydist uniformity - even water applabove is for established plants
137
Landscape water budgets. The __________________ Model Landscape Ordinance
California Code of Regulations Title 23 Waters, division DWR
138
misters for outdoor cooling. How much do they use?
0.5 and 1.5 gal/hr per nozzle
139
Where should you wash your car?
At a commercial car wash since they re circulate wash water
140
A 100-room hotel is retrofitting its fixtures to save water. all units are rented every day of the yr. 86 of 100 toilets, installed in 1980 (3.6 gpf), are replaced with 1.6 gpf tmodels. Toilets are used 4xs/day.All 100 SH (1990 - 2.5 gpm) are replace with 1.8 gpm models. Used 2xs each day for 10 mins each time. All 100 faucets (1990-2.5 gpf) are replaced w/1.5 gpm aerators. faucets used 20 mins/day.Five clothes washers (51 gpl) are replace with 27 gpl models. 20% of the rooms will wash one load per day. How many gals of water this hotel save in one yr.
Toilets(3.6-1.6)x 86 x 4 x 365 = 251,120SH(2.5-1.8) x 100 x 2 x 10 x 365 =511,000FA(2.5-1.5) x 100 x 20 x 365 = 730,000CW(51-27)x.2x1000*1*365=3,504,000Total 4,996,120
