Weaknesses Flashcards
(38 cards)
What molecules are filtered in functional kidneys?
Water, Electrolytes (Sodium,Potassium,Chloride), Nutrients (Glucose/Amino Acids, Waste products (Urea, Creatine)
What are the implications if excess protein/glucose are found in the urine?
Diabetes or Damaged kidneys causing reduced filtration.
What are the main processes of ART and IVF?
Hormonal pills given, egg is extracted from ovaries, male sperm and egg cell are fertilised, making an embryo. The embryo is implanted into the uterus lining of the woman to develop.
How do contraception pills work?
Low-Medium Levels of Oestrogen and Progesterone, sending negative feedback to the pituitary gland. This reduces FSH and LH levels, preventing ovulation. Additionally, cervical mucus increases, reducing sperm passthrough likelihood.
What hormones are administered for IVF?
FSH, LH, and progesterone.
How do you make results reliable?
Repeat the experiment to reduce random error and identify patterns. Use control variables to keep the experiment fair.
How do you make results accurate?
Use precise equipment, preferably digital measures/counters, Calibrate equipment correctly, Careful techniques and procedures.
How do you make results comparable?
Utilise common units for results, and use readable, consistent graphs, tables and diagrams.
What do non-coding regions of DNA do?
Forms the structure of DNA, Marks for start/stop regions for coding DNA, and producing functional RNA like tRNA for protein synthesis
Where is haemoglobin in a red blood cell?
Dissolved in the cytoplasm.
Why is eutrophication bad?
It causes an algae bloom. Once the algae dies, decomposers of the algae aerobically respirate too much, starving the water body of oxygen and killing most life.
What are the stages of the nitrogen cycle?
Ammonification(Decomposition), Nitrification(from Ammonia to Nitrates), Denitrification/Assimilation (Nitrates to Nitrogen/To plants then to animals to repeat cycle), as well as Nitrogen Fixation (Leguminous plants and Lightning)
What does a high SA:V ratio do to diffusion?
Increases the rate of diffusion.
How do high levels of oestrogen and progesterone work to prevent pregnancy
Send negative feedback to pituitary gland, inhibiting FSH and LH production, also thickens cervical mucus and thins uteral lining, also reducing the chance for fertilization.
How do a womans hormone levels differ when she is pregnant?
hCG produced to maintain corpus luteum (detected in urine tests), High progesterone throughout to maintain uteral lining and preventing early labour. Oestrogen levels increase steadily to prepare for birth, develop uterus and placenta. Oxytocin causes labour, and Prolactin stimulates milk production.
What is clomifene therapy?
Administering of clomifene, which blocks oestrogen receptors in the brain. This increases the production of FSH and LH, stimulating egg maturation and ovulation. Used for women who don’t ovulate regularly/irregular preiods.
What gland produces ADH?
Pituitary gland
Where does ultrafiltration happen?
Glomerulus
What does ADH do?
Increases permeability of convulated tubule, increasing water reabsorbed.
What does the hypothalamus do in osmoregulation?
Detects water levels in the blood, sends feedback to pituitary gland to regulate ADH levels.
Name the structures of the nephron in order.
Bowman’s Capsule, Proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal tubule, Collection duct
What are the functions of each part of the nephron?
Bowman’s Capsule - Ultrafiltration, Tubules and loop: Salt and selective reabsorption, Collecting duct: Water reabsorption.
What happens in each phase of mitosis?
(PMATC) - Prophase - DNA Copies itself, Homologous Chromosomes condense nuclear membrane breaks down. Metaphase - Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, spindle fibers attach to centromeres. Anaphase - Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart. Telophase - 2 new nuclei form. Cytokinesis - 2 genetically identical daughter cells divide.
What’s the purpose of the stage and cover slip on a microscope?
Flattens and protects specimen, allows light to pass through.
