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weather Flashcards

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1
Q

standard lapse rate

A

troposphere to 36K’ (temperature constant 36-80K’)
-2°C per 1000’ ↑
-1” pressure (in mercury Hg) per 1000” ↑

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2
Q

inches of mercury at sea level

A

29.92

where altimeter settings come from

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3
Q

international standard atmosphere

A

temperature
15C
59F

pressure
14.69 PSI
29.92 in Hg
1013.25 milibar
101.325 kPa
1 atm

density
1.225 kg/m3

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4
Q

anti-cyclonic circulation

A

because of coriolis effect

using right arm (elbow) as a device to remember
high pressure air moves
clockwise
outward
downward

cyclonic:
low
counter clockwise
inward
upward

use this to predict tailwinds

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5
Q

convective forces

A

turbulence from:
updrafts at barren places

downdrafts at water or expansive vegetation

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6
Q

turbulence

A

erratic changes in attitude and/or altitude
eddies and vertical currents

mechanical
lower levels of atmosphere
caused by air experiencing friction due to ground objects

clear air turbulence
most common above ≈15K’
usually jet streams
more in winter

thermal (convective)
uneven heating of earth

frontal
friction 2 opposing air masses
can be severe
commonly associated cold fronts

chop V turbulence
chop = rapid and somewhat rhythmic bumpiness

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7
Q

levels of turbulence

A

light
momentarily causes slight, erratic changes in altitude and/or attitude (pitch, roll, yaw)

moderate
changes in altitude and/or attitude occur but the aircraft remains in positive control at all times. it usually causes variations in indicated airspeed

severe
causes large abrupt changes in altitude and/or attitude. it usually causes large variations in indicated airspeed. aircraft may be momentarily out of control.

extreme
aircraft is violently tossed about and is practically impossible to control. it may cause structural damage.

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8
Q

reporting turbulence rate

A

occasional <1/3 time

intermittent 1/3-2/3 time

continuous >2/3 time

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9
Q

wind sheer

A

sudden drastic change in wind speed or direction over a small area

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10
Q

microburst

A

most severe wind sheer
parcel of air plummets to ground @ high speed
wet (southeast US) and dry (west US)

1-2 miles
5-15 minutes
loss of 6000’ per minute
can experience headwind loss of 30-90 knots

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11
Q

adiabatic heating and cooling

A

increasing or decreasing heat through change in pressure (volume compression/expansion)

no heat is actually exchanged

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12
Q

most unstable air

A

moist warm air

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13
Q

“types” of icing

A

induction
interferes with engine performance.
in air intake system or farm as carburetor icing. reduces available air available for combustion.

instrument
icing on instruments interfering with data aquisition

structural
*clear - slow freeze along body. most dangerous cause hard to see
*rime - immediate freeze. leading edges
*mixed
-light accumulation over the wings
—reduce lift 30%
—increase drag 40%
-larger accretions
—reduce lift even more (? how much)
—increase drag 80%
-stall at higher air speeds and lower AOA

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14
Q

types of fog

A

radiation fog
temperature meets dew point overnight as ground temperature drops. more likely if rained previous night. little to no wind needed to occur.

advection fog
needs wind. warm, moist air moves over cold surface. too much wind and will rise to form stratus clouds.

upslope fog
like advection fog. needs wind. blown up hills.

steam fog
cold air moves over warmer water. fog forms from the water. if flown through, icing and low level turbulence can occur.

ice fog
very cold weather (below freezing). evaporating water forms directly into ice crystals. little to no wind needed.

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15
Q

ceiling

A

SKC - clear

FEW - >0 to 2/8

SCT - scattered - 3/8 to 4/8 clouds

BKN - broken - 5/8 to 7/8 clouds

OVC - overcast 8/8 clouds

CB - cumulonimbus when present

TCU - towering cumulonimbus when present

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16
Q

? what is a cloud

A

air is cooled and water vapor in atmosphere is saturated and attaches to particles (condensation nuclei). allows vapor to be seen.

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17
Q

cloud types

A

cumulous

stratus

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18
Q

cloud designations

A

cirrus - clouds in high atmosphere

alto - clouds in middle of atmosphere

low clouds are combination of stratus, cumulous, and nimbus

nimbus (latin for rain)

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19
Q

types of clouds at AGLs

A

0-6500’ -
stratus,
stratocumulous,
nimbostratus,
fog

6500’-20K’ -
altostratus (moderate turbulence and icing), altocumulous [altostratus breaking up - usually (light turbulence and icing)]

20K’+ - cirrostratus,
cirrocumulous,
cirrus

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20
Q

other types of clouds

A

castellanus - look like castles

fracto - looks like braille

lenticularus - over mountains, lens shaped, very strong winds!

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21
Q

most hazardout clouds

A

towering cumulonimbus because of thunderstorms

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22
Q

for a storm to form

A

sufficient water vapor
unstable lapse rate (temperature and pressure)
initial uplifting force

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23
Q

phases of thunderstorm

A

cumulous (developing) phase
-3 to 5 mile height
-lifting action begins
-clouds build in height, moisture, instability

mature phase
-5 to 10 mile height
-rain within about 15 minutes
-both warm air updrafts and cold air downdrafts

dissipating phase
-5 to 7 mile height
-vertical motion slows down
-downdrafts replace previous updrafts

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24
Q

distance to keep from thunderstorms

A

20 nautical miles

do not fly under or over in little planes

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25
squall line
narrow thunderstorm usually moist unstable air from cold front but can be separate from any front
26
turbulence distance from storm
up to 20 miles away
27
supercooled water
between 0°C and -15°C. freezes on impact with plane
28
hail distance from thunderstorm
up to 20 miles. can be encountered several miles away
29
altitude discrepancy in altimeter from thunderstorm
up to 100'. adjust altimeter!
30
air masses
polar or tropic based depending on origin and moisture content maritime polar (mP) -cool, humid continental polar (cP) -cold, dry maritime tropical (mT) -warm, humid continental tropical (cT) -hot, dry what surface? warm surface = warm from below = rising air = convective currents -unstable air, good visibility, cumulous clouds, turbulence cold surface = smoke and particles unable to rise -poor visibility stable air mass = low stratus and fog
31
types of fronts
warm -warm air replaces cold air -10 to 25 MPH -typically high humidity -warm air lift up then drop in temperature -cirriform or stratiform cloud in front. fog. thunderstorms in summer -poor visibility. rain. sleet. drizzle -pressure continues to fall as it passes cold -cold air replacing warm air -25 to 30 MPH. up to 60 MPH. -stay close to ground and wedge under warm air as it replaces it. -ascends rapidly -temperature drops suddenly -cirriform or cumulonimbus or towering cumulous -poor visibility, tornadoes, heavy rain, thunderstorms occluded -faster moving cold front catches up to slower warm front and catches the cold part of the warm front thus cutting off warm air from ground -cumulonimbus and towering cumulous stationary -relatively equal meeting of air masses (?in what way equal) -effect weather for days -type of weather is like both warm and cold fronts
32
types of occluded fronts
cold occlusion cold air coming in is colder than cold air it's catching up to and so goes under it warm occlusion cold air coming in is warmer than cold air it's catching up to and so goes on top of it
33
icing danger zone
5°C to -20°C
34
size of water droplets in regards to type of icing and where it tends to accumulate
rime small. leading edge. in colder temperatures where less liquid present in air. clear large. freeze further back because of size. warmer temperatures. more liquid content in air.
35
anti-icing
ethylene-glycol blend jets and turboprop. lowers freezing point of water weeping wing glycol based fluid through tiny holes engine bleed air
36
de-icing
de-icing boots pneumatic system to break up accumulated ice engine bleed air pitot heat on ATP small planes turn on when flying below 10°C and in moist conditions
37
ICEDD
instruments protect with pitot heat change something by turning, climbing, or descending evaluate the engine. is there induction icing? if no loss of power or addition of roughness, do not turn on carburetor heat. de-ice and defrost as available. in ATP aircraft turn on window defrost declare an emergency any icing is an emergency in ATP aircraft
38
isobar
line depicting line of equal or constant pressure. tells about pressure gradient force.
39
pressure gradient force
rate of change in barometric pressure over a given distance. measured by space between isobars. intervals of 4 millibars.
40
which pressure systems are associated with good weather? bad weather?
good - high heavy dry air with light wind bad - low (also low visability)
41
stand pressure at sea level values
29.92" mercury 1013.2 millibars of mercury on chart will see value times 100 (for no good reason 😠)
42
winds and temperatures aloft
abbreviated FB for some fucking reason issued 4 times daily
43
dBZ
decibel relative to zulu higher value means more likely precipitation
44
types of satellite imagry
visible what can you see from space with your eyeballs displays reflected sunlight from the earth's surface, clouds, and particulate matter only available daytime infrared colorized by temperature clouds = blue fog = darker areas -strong thunderstorms have cold tops -available 24 hours water vapor quantity of water vapor generally located between 10,000'MSL and flight level 390
45
GFA
graphical forecast for aviation for en route phase of flight and for locations without TAF (terminal area forecast) last 6 hours and up to 15 hours in the future
46
types of weather information
observations raw weather data gathered by sensors what's happening now analyses enhanced depiction or interpretation of observed weather data forecasts predictions of weather development and movement based on observations and mathematical models
47
ATIS
automated terminal information service in flight weather observation usually only found at towered airports
48
ATIS structure
1. airport/ facility name 2. phonetic letter code (IG "information whiskey") 3. time of latest sequence (in zulu AKA UTC) 4. weather information a) wind direction and velocity b) visibility c) obstructions to vision d) present weather -sky condition -temperature -dew point -altimeter -density altitude advisory (when appropriate) -other remarks in official weather observation -always include remarks of lightning, cumulonimbus, and towering cumulous recorded hourly by an air traffic controller
49
ASOS
automated surface observation system in flight weather provided by national weather service providing current weather information primarily found at uncontrolled airports prided minute by minute. does not give out NOTAM or other information because rarely has human observer (computer generated) receivable from maximum of 25NM and 10K AGL from observation site
50
AWOS
automated weather observation system (for in flight) similar to ASOS but owned by state or airport some have ability to add voice information to the broadcast - like NOTAMs on sectional, the number next to AWOS is complexity of system. receivable from maximum of 25NM and 10K AGL from observation site
51
METAR
for flight planning aviation routine weather report issued hourly unless significant weather changes have occurred. SPECI (special METAR) issued in that case
52
METAR example KFXE 121253Z AUTO 05011G15K 10SM CLR 26/16 A3011RMK A02 SLP200 T02610156
original KFXE 121253Z AUTO 05011G15K 10SM CLR 26/16 A3011RMK A02 SLP200 T02610156 with my notes KFXE (airport) 12(date)1253Z(time UTC) AUTO (automatically generated) 050(direction)11G15K(velocity then gust) 10SM(visibility in stature miles) CLR (ceiling type) 26/16(temperature and dewpoint) A3011(altimeter) RMK(remarks) A02(automated station has precipitation discriminator) SLP200(sea level pressure is 1020.0 millibars) T0261(hourly temperature is 26.1°C)0156(dewpoint is 15.6°C)
53
METAR example KDEN 121253Z 25003KT 1 1/4SM BR OVC004 05/04 A2998 RMK A02 SFC VIS 2 1/2 SLP125 T00510039
original KDEN 121253Z 25003KT 1 1/4SM BR OVC004 05/04 A2998 RMK A02 SFC VIS 2 1/2 SLP125 T00510039 with my notes KDEN(airport) 12(date)1253Z(time UTC) 250(direction)03KT(wind speed) 1 1/4SM(visibility in statute miles) BR(ceiling type is mist) OVC004(overcast at 400') 05/04(temperature 5°C/dewpoint 4°C) A2998(altimeter) RMK A02(automated station has precipitation discriminator) SFC VIS 2 1/2(surface visibility is 2.5 statute miles) SLP125(sea level pressure is 1012.5 millibars) T0051(hourly temperature is 5.1°C)0039(dewpoint is 3.9°C)
54
PIREP
pilot report of weather
55
PIREP example DAB UA /OV DAB 220005/TM 1725/FL013/TP P28A/SK SCT016/WX 10SM
original DAB UA /OV DAB 220005/TM 1725/FL013/TP P28A/SK SCT016/WX 10SM with my notes DAB UA(indicates routine report - UUA would be urgent) /OV DAB(observed over datona beach VOR) 220005(5 miles off 220 radial)/TM 1725(time of observation)/FL013(flight level 1300'AGL)/TP P28A(type of aircraft)/SK SCT016(sky condition is scattered at 1600'AGL)/WX 10SM(visibility is 10 SM)
56
TAF
terminal aerodrome forecast forecast of expected meteorological condition s significant to aviation written by national weather service 5 SM radius valid for specified time (24 or 30 hours) usually for larger airports updated at: 00:00Z 06:00Z 12:00Z 18:00Z
57
TAF example KLCH 091736Z 0918/1018 04035G45KT 2SM +RA OVO008
KLCH(airport) 09(date)1736Z(time UTC) 0918/1018(validity period - IG 9th day 18:00 to 10th day 18:00) 040(diection of wind)35G45KT(speed and gust) 2SM(visibility is 2 stature miles) +RA(heavy rain) OVO008(ceiling overcast at 800'AGL)
58
textual winds aloft example 1406+16
1406+16 with my notes 14(from direction 140)06(wind speed in knots)+16(temperature in °C)
59
textual winds aloft 9900
code for windspeed under 5 knots is read as "light and variable"
60
AIRMET
airmen's meteorological information issued for weather that may affect safety warm for potentially hazardous en route conditions cover wide areas mostly for light aircraft and pilots without instrument rating for things like: moderate turbulence icing and freezing levels IFR conditions mountain obscuration published every 6 hours by aviation weather center
61
types of AIRMETs
AIRMET sierra mountain obscuration and/or ceilings less than 1000' and/or 3 miles over a wide area AIRMET tango moderate turbulence or sustained winds of ≥30 knots AIRMET zulu moderate freezing and freezing levels
62
SIGMET
significant meteorological information indication of non-convective (not caused by thunderstorms) weather potentially hazardous to all aircraft like AIRMETs, cover certain zones in state severe icing severe or extreme turbulence dust storms or sand storms volcanic ash
63
SIGMET categories
convective associated with a thunderstorm -severe thunderstorms with surface winds >50knots -hail ≥¾" diameter -tornadoes embedded thunderstorms, lines of thunderstorms, or thunderstorms with heavy or greater precipitation that affect 40% or more of 3000 square mile or greater region *any convective SIGMET implies severe or greater turbulence, severe icing, and low-level wind sheer *valid for 2 hours non-convective (see SIGMET card) valid for 4 hours
64
AFD
aviation forecast discussion issued by each WFO (weather service forecast office) to describe weather conditions within their region as it relates to the creation of the TAF. useful for addition information that can't eb encoded into TAF. gives reason behind forecast
65
fahrenheit to celcius
00 ≈ -17.8 10 ≈ -12.2 20 ≈ -6.7 30 ≈ -1.1 40 ≈ 4.4 50 = 10 60 ≈ 15.6 70 ≈ 21.1 80 ≈ 26.6 90 ≈ 32.2 100 ≈ 37.7
66
precipitation static
AKA P-static happens as plane flies through the air and hits uncharged particles, negtive part of particle gets stuck to skin. when it builds up enough it will discharge.
67
what is tropopause
tropospere's hat traps moisture and weather associated with jetstream and clear air turbulence
68
coriolis force
rotation of earth pulls objects to the R in N hemisphere and L and southern traveling air or planes will have curved trajectory will make high pressure air circulate clockwise, inward, up low pressure circulate anti-clockwise, outward, down - use right elbow trick to remember

ATP (9 decks)

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