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Essential Part 135 Knowledge > Weather > Flashcards

Weather Flashcards

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1
Q

What are microbursts?

A

Spreads in all directions after ground contact in a violent horizontal vortex

Microbursts can have vertical speeds in excess of 3,000 fpm and a horizontal wind speed difference of 50 - 100 kts.

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2
Q

What does Freezing Rain indicate?

A

Warmer temperatures above

This phenomenon can lead to hazardous conditions for aviation.

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3
Q

What are the effects of moderate ice?

A

Short encounters become potentially hazardous, use of deice/anti-ice or flight diversion is necessary.

Moderate ice can impact flight safety significantly.

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4
Q

What characterizes severe ice?

A

The rate of accumulation is such that deice/anti-ice equipment fails to reduce or control the hazard. Immediate flight diversion is necessary.

Severe ice presents critical safety risks.

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5
Q

What defines a dry runway?

A

No visible moisture.

A dry runway is ideal for takeoff and landing conditions.

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6
Q

What are the worst icing conditions?

A

Downwind of mountainous terrain with large amounts of moisture.

These conditions can greatly increase the risk of ice accumulation on aircraft.

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7
Q

When is LAHSO not authorized?

A

On wet runways.

LAHSO (Land and Hold Short Operations) requires specific runway conditions to be safe.

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8
Q

What are the categories of braking action reports?

A

Good, Medium, Poor and Nil.

These reports inform pilots about runway conditions.

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9
Q

Where is the Jet Stream normally found?

A

Near the upper limit of the troposphere.

The Jet Stream plays a crucial role in weather patterns.

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the Troposphere?

A

From the surface to ~65,000 feet at the Equator, ~20,000 feet at the poles, decreasing temperature with height, water vapor (weather).

The Troposphere is where most weather occurs.

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11
Q

What is the Tropopause?

A

Boundary layer between the Troposphere and the Stratosphere.

This layer marks a transition in temperature and weather phenomena.

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12
Q

What is AWOS?

A

Automated Weather Observing System.

AWOS provides real-time weather data to pilots and air traffic control.

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13
Q

What is a METAR?

A

METeorological Aviation Routine weather report, issued 5 minutes before the hour.

METAR reports are critical for flight planning and safety.

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14
Q

Ice can be found in what two conditions?

A

Visible moisture and temperatures between +5 to -20C.

These conditions are essential for the formation of ice during flights.

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15
Q

What is a TAF?

A

Terminal Aerodrome Forecast, a 24-hour forecast issued 4x a day (00Z, 06Z, 12Z, 18Z).

TAFs provide important weather predictions within 5 statute miles of the airport.

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16
Q

What is Virga?

A

Precipitation that evaporates before reaching the ground.

Air mass below the cloud is very dry and indicates strong downdrafts with possible moderate or greater turbulence.

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17
Q

Is AWOS without visibility still an authorized weather source for 135?

A

No, OPSPEC C077 requires ceiling and visibility.

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18
Q

What is the Standard Atmosphere?

A

29.92 inches/1013 hectopascals and 15C at Sea Level (59F).

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19
Q

What is Troposphere Standard Temperature lapse rate?

A

2c/1000ft.

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20
Q

Moderate Turbulence defined?

A

Occupants feel definite strains against seat belts or shoulder straps. Unsecured objects are dislodged.

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21
Q

What class of airspace is Opa Locka/FXE?

A

Class D

The color of the outline indicates the class of airspace.

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22
Q

What class of airspace is Fort Lauderdale (FLL)?

A

Class C

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23
Q

What class of airspace is Miami (MIA)?

A

Class B

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24
Q

What class of airspace is from 180 and above?

A

Class A

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25
How is Severe Turbulence defined?
Occupants are forced violently against seat belts or shoulder straps. Unsecured objects are tossed about. Aircraft is violently tossed about and is practically impossible to control. May cause structural damage.
26
What is an AIRMET?
AIRman’s METeorological Information. Weather of interest to all pilots, but hazardous to aircraft having limited capabilities or non-instrumented rated pilots. Less severe than a SIGMET.
27
What is a SIGMET?
SIGnificant METeorological information. Serious weather concerning the safety of ALL aircraft.
28
What is a CONVECTIVE SIGMET?
Severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, heavy precipitation, hail and high surface winds.
29
What is HIWAS?
Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service.
30
How is Rime Ice defined?
A collection of very small, supercooled water droplets that freeze on contact. The most common form of aviation icing.
31
What is the rule on taking off during ground icing conditions?
No Pilot may take off in an aircraft with frost, ice or snow adhering to any rotor blade, propeller, windshield, wing, stabilizing or control surface, powerplant, instrument – the clean aircraft concept.
32
What is an isobar?
A line on a weather map joining places of equal pressures.
33
Does increased Density Altitude improve aircraft performance?
False. Increased Density Altitude (higher altitude) degrades aircraft performance. Higher Density Altitude (less dense air) decreases aircraft performance.
34
What is QNH?
The true sea level pressure. When set on a subscale it will read actual elevation AMSL.
35
What will an altimeter read when flying level towards low pressure?
It will read as if it were in a climb. ## Footnote “High to Low, look out below.”
36
What is a surface inversion?
The air close to the earth’s surface is cooled at night by conduction. Greatest at dawn.
37
What is a Frontal inversion?
The boundary of two masses can become an inversion as Warm air is lifted by cool air.
38
What is relative humidity?
The ratio of water in a sample of air compared to its water volume at saturation.
39
How can you mathematically determine the base of a cloud base?
(Surface Temperature - Surface Dew Point) divided by 2.4. The answer is in thousands of feet.
40
How are land and sea breezes created?
The breeze flows towards the hotter of the two to replace the rising air. As the land heats and cools quicker than the sea (the sea has a high specific heat) it is common to have a sea breeze during the day and land breeze at night.
41
What does CAVOK mean?
Clear And Visibility OK. No significant weather, visibility greater than 10km, and ceilings greater than 5,000’.
42
When is a SPECI issued?
SPECIal weather reports can be issued at any time to update the METAR for: Rapidly changing weather conditions, Aircraft mishaps, Other critical information.
43
How is the passage of a cold front evident?
A drop in temperature along with changes in air pressure and prevailing winds.
44
What is an occluded front?
A cold front that catches up to a warm front. Both warm and cold front weather, Extensive clouds and widespread rain, Embedded thunderstorms.
45
How strong is a gale force wind?
34-47 knots.
46
What is fog?
A cloud at ground level through which visibility is less than 3 miles with relative humidity near 100%.
47
What is the life cycle of a thunderstorm?
Cumulus stage, Mature stage, Dissipating stage
48
What are the different types of thunderstorms?
Single Cell, Multicell (cluster and line), Supercell
49
What hazards are associated with thunderstorms?
Heavy rain, Hail, Icing, Electrical interference, Lightning, Severe turbulence
50
What are jet streams?
Fast moving narrow currents of air found near the tropopause. Characterized by strong horizontal wind shear. Wind speeds may reach 150 kt. Flow west to east.
51
What is wind shear?
Change in wind velocity and/or direction – usually in the vertical.
52
What is turbulence?
Caused by the relative movement of disturbed air through which an aircraft is flying. Its origin may be thermal or mechanical and it may occur either within or clear of cloud.
53
What is rime ice?
Formed when small supercooled water droplets freeze on contact with a surface that is at a sub-zero centigrade (Celsius) temperature.
54
What is clear ice?
Clear, or Glaze, ice is widely considered to be the most dangerous form of icing. Clear icing is most significant in the range of 0°C to -20°C.
55
Every physical process of weather is accompanied by, or is the result of a?
Heat exchange
56
What causes variations in altimeter settings between weather reporting points?
Unequal heating of the earth’s surface.
57
What is dewpoint?
The temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated.
58
What does the amount of water vapor that air can hold depend on?
Air temperature
59
What weather phenomenon will always occur when flying across a front?
Wind direction
60
What measurement can be used to determine the stability of the atmosphere?
Actual lapse rate
61
What would decrease the stability of an air mass?
Warming from below
62
What is a characteristic of stable air?
Stratiform clouds
63
What are characteristics of unstable air?
Turbulence and good surface visibility
64
A stable air mass is most likely to have which characteristic?
Poor surface visibility
65
Steady precipitation preceding a front is an indication of:
Stratiform clouds with little or no turbulence.
66
The conditions necessary for the formation of cumulonimbus clouds are a lifting action and:
water vapor

Essential Part 135 Knowledge (2 decks)

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