Weather

Question 0

Standard temp at sea level. Lapse rate?

Answer 0

15C

2C/1000 feet

Question 1

Jet stream

Answer 1

Winds > 50 knots; in the troposhere; moves south/increases velocity in winter (IRTP 1-4)

Question 2

Air circulation in Northern Hemisphere around high press system:

Answer 2

clockwise around high pressure

Question 3

Coriolis force

Answer 3

right angle to wind; deflects wind to the right in North Hem

Question 4

Unstable vs stable air

Answer 4

Unstable: cumuliform clouds, showery, turbulence, clear
Stable: stratiform clouds, continuous precip, smooth, poor vis

un=CSTC (unstable cats see thru clouds)

Question 5

Cloud types

Answer 5

high clouds: cirrus, cirrocumulus, cirrostratus - ice crystals
unstable: cumulus
prefix “nimbus” means raincloud
lenticular clouds: lens shaped, near mountians, very turbulent

Question 6

Three stages of thunderstorm development?

Answer 6

cumulus (updrafts)
mature (rain)
dissipating (downdrafts)

Question 7

Most hazardous types of thunderstorm (2)?

Answer 7

1) Squall-line thunderstorms; develop ahead of cold front

2) Embedded thunderstorms

Question 8

What to do if you enter a thunderstorm?

Answer 8

Eyes on instruments, reduce power, ride the waves, don’t turnback

Question 9

Conditions for ice formation?

Aerodynamic cooling?

Answer 9

Visual moisture and temp < 0C

Can lower temp in airfoil even if temp is >0

Question 10

Types of icing?

Answer 10

Rime: small droplets immediately freeze on surface, forms on leading edges, milky appearance (from air bubbles), most common, associated with stratus/smooth air

Clear: from larger droplets or freezing rain, most dangerous, hard to see, very rapid, very rare

Mixed: characteristics of both

Question 11

Two other types of icing?

Answer 11

Structural: ice on exterior, occurs when supercooled water contacts any part of aircraft < freezing
Induction: “affects powerplant operation”

Question 12

What to do if rain is freezing on impact?

Answer 12

Fly higher

Question 13

Other considerations with icing:
takeoff
a/c certified for ice
tail
power

Answer 13

No takeoff if any ice on aircraft
“roll upset” - severe inflight icing (for planes certd into icing)
tail can collect faster, cause stall, especially when flaps are applied
more power required

Question 14

ice the thickness of sandpaper

Answer 14

can cause 30% loss of lift, 40% more drag

Question 15

Wind shear
definition
expect when (3)?
where is it around cold/warm fronts?

Answer 15

change in wind speed or direction
1) strong temp inversion, 2) around TS, (3) near frontal activity
in front of warm, behind cold

Question 16

TAF & METAR issuing time format

Answer 16

METER date/zulu eg. 091955Z: date=9, zulu=1955
TAF issue/valid time eg. 091730Z 0918/1024
issued on the 9th at 1730Z, valid from 18Z on the 9th, to 24Z on the 10th

Question 17

layer thickness math from METAR?
if airport elev=1300, metar says BKN008, OVC020?
tops are reported 3800

Answer 17

OVC is 2000+FE = 3300 feet

and 500 feet thick

Question 18

TAF Qualifiers
cloud amount
FM interpret

Answer 18

FEW > SCT > BKN > OVC (FSBO)

FM091930: beginning of change, eg day=09, zulu=1930

Question 19

METAR remark

RAE42SNB42

Answer 19

rain ended at 42 min past the hour, snow begin at 42 past the hour

Question 20

TAF distance and duration

Answer 20

5 mile radius, valid for 24 hours, issued 4 times/day

Question 21

Area forecast (FA)
size
issuance

Answer 21

several states

3x per day

Question 22

PIREP format

Answer 22

UA/OV OKC 063064/TM 1522/FL080/TP C172/TA M04/WV 245040/TB LGT/RM IN CLR

over OKC 63deg rad, 64 miles, at 1522Z, 8000 feet, cessna, temp=-4C, wind from 245deg at 40knots, turb is light

Question 23

Winds aloft decode?

Answer 23

direction, velocity and temp (if >50 knots, then -50 +100; “99” >200)
eg 234502: from 230 true north, 45 knots, temp=2C
eg 734502: from 230 true north, 145knots, temp=2C
eg 739902: from 230, >200 knots, temp=2C

Question 24

Weather advisories types, freq, max forecast period?

Answer 24

AIRMETS and SIGMENTS, unscheduled and issued when reqd. Issued at 30 intervals, may live for 6 hours AIRMETS -haz weather that may affect single engine SIGMENT - all planes CONVECTIVE SIG - tornadoes, TS, embedded, sev ice, turb

Question 25

Convective Outlook

Answer 25

Used to plan flights later in the day. Predicts TS in the next 24H

Question 26

Radar summary chart

Answer 26

``` Shows only ppt. Only chart that shows size and intensity of TS rating: solid: instense, extreme one ring: strong two rings: weak or mod ```

Question 27

Constant Press Chart

Answer 27

Upper air weather shows temp, press, dp, wind, over 12 H period

Question 28

Sig Weather Prog Chart

Answer 28

shows surface & 24,000 feet at 12 & 24 out

Question 29

What procedures should you use to land if icing suspected?

Answer 29

more power, higher airspeed, flapless | expect higher stall, longer roll

Question 30

Microburst

Answer 30

- rapid downdraft from cloud down to the ground where it spreads in directions (think flushing tiolet) - dissipates after 10-20 min

Question 31

Thunderstorm - inadvertent penetration

Answer 31

low as possilbe tighten seatbelts pitot heat, lights on slow to man speed do not turn around (load factor too high) do not attempt to hold altitude (ride it out)

Question 32

Icing details (from Everything Explained)

Answer 32

``` temp +5 to -20C check AIRMET, SIGMETS "slight possibility" = KNOWN icing stay 3000 below or 8000 above freezing level climbing is the first rule for icing (to air too cold for icing); descend is the second option 90% of ice in 3000 feet layer most clouds max at 30,000 land with fast airspeed, no flaps ```

Question 33

Freezing rain

Answer 33

``` indicates warmer air above most severe, very fast appearance forms on sharp surfaces very fast buildup turn around seen close to the ground ```

Question 34

TAF | issued

Answer 34

Terminal Aerodrome Forecast 24 hour forecast issued 4x/day issued at 32 large airports for a 5 mile radius eg KPIT 091730Z 0918/1024 .....FM091030 day = 9th, 1730Z valid time = day 09, 18Z to the 10 at 24Z beginning at day 09, at 10:30Z

Question 35

TAF abbreviations VC - "nothing" or +

Answer 35

VC - vicinity - light, nothing=moderate, + heavy SH=showers, DZ=drizzle, BL=blowing, FZ=freezing, BC=patches, MI=shallow, PR= partial, DR=drifting RA=rain, GR=hail, SN=snow, PL=ice pellets, SG=snow grains, IC=ice crystals, GS=small hail, UP=unknown ppt BR=mist, FU=smoke, VA=volcanic ash, SQ=squall, DS=dust storm, SS=sand storm, PO=sand whirls, FC=funnel cloud, +FC=tornado

Question 36

EFAS | Enroute flight advisory service

Answer 36

122.0

Question 37

AIRMET zulu tango sierra

Answer 37

``` Wx of interest to all aircraft, especially small 4x per day for a 6 hour forecast zulu - icing and freezing levels tango - turbulance, strong wing sierra - mountain obscuration or IMC ```

Question 38

SIGMET

Answer 38

Significant met info | serious Wx include turbulance, icing, smoke, ash

Question 39

Five types of NOTAMS

Answer 39

(D) NOTAM: (distant); common type, airport info (FDC) NOTAM: (Flight Data Center); regulatory, eg TFR AC: Advisory circular Pointer :military GPS: must ask if getting briefing

Question 40

Ice pellets indicate?

Answer 40

Freezing rain above, do not climb

Question 41

Three phases of TS?

Answer 41

Cumulus: water vapor condenses Muture: when rain hits the ground Dissipating: characterized by downdrafts/lightening

Question 42

Five forecasts types

Answer 42

``` Area forecast Winds aloft Wx depiction - shows IFR conditions Radar summary - rain and direction Prog chart - 12/24 hours ```

Question 43

Ceiling & vis catagories

Answer 43

LIFR 3000 >5

Question 44

+ and - on meters, eg -SHRA

Answer 44

- --> light | + --> heavy

Question 45

types of fog?

Answer 45

radiation (ground): Ground cools air. warm, moist air; cool, calm nights, little wind advection (sea): Wind pushes warm air over water or gound upslope: moist air in low dew point conditions Acro: RAU