Weathering and SEDIMENTARY Rocks

Question 1

being exposed to weather

Answer 1

weathering

Question 2

2 types of weathering

Answer 2

Physical and Chemical

Question 3

process that transform rocks into soil, fractures and exposes more surface area of the rock for chemical weathering

Answer 3

physical weathering

Question 4

destroys mineral structures to weaken rocks for physical weathering to be easier

Answer 4

chemical weathering

Question 5

When the material over a rock is weathered and transported over time, the rock gets exposed and this also REDUCES the pressure the rock experiences.

Answer 5

exfoliation

Question 6

Forces due to ice and root wedging.
Plants growing through rock cracks further expanding the crack.
Water freezing inside rock cracks further expands when becomes ice

Answer 6

Disrupting forces

Question 7

Salt water infiltrates rocks, as the water dries, the salt crystals grow in the rock and crack it.

Answer 7

crystal growth

Question 8

Bending of rocks due to unequal heating and cooling may cause rocks to break

Answer 8

unequal temperature

Question 9

2 main types of chemical weathering

Answer 9

minerals into other minerals
minerals getting dissolved into a solution

Question 10

chemical weathering agents

Answer 10

carbonic acid h2co3
oxidation

Question 11

removal of weathered materials

Answer 11

erosion

Question 12

agents of erosion

Answer 12

gravity
wind
water
waves
animals

Question 13

movement of sediment and/or dissolved ions from point A (point where it was eroded) to point B (point where it will be deposited)

Answer 13

transportation

Question 14

Transportation stops and sediments are deposited.

Answer 14

deposition

Question 15

6 terrestrial depositional environments

Answer 15

glacial
alluvial
fluvial
lacustrine
evaporitic
aeolian

Question 16

8 marine depositional environments

Answer 16

tidal
deltaic
beach
lagoonal
reef
shallow water marine
deep water marine
submarine fan

Question 17

main depositional environments

Answer 17

see picture

Question 18

formed from the lithification of sediments

Answer 18

sedimentary rocks

Question 19

For the weathered materials to become rocks, the following must occur (in order):

Answer 19

burial, compaction, cementation

Question 20

2 classifications of sedimentary rocks

Answer 20

clastic or chemical

Question 21

made up of sediments that were transported as solid
fragments

Answer 21

clastic

Question 22

made up of sediments that were transported as ions in solutions

Answer 22

chemical

Question 23

clasts biggest to smallest

Answer 23

boulders, cobbles, pebbles, sand, silt, clay

Question 24

5 clastic sedimentary rock groups

Answer 24

Mudrock, sandstone, conglomerate, breccia, coal

Question 25

has at least 75% silt or clay composition and form in very low-energy environment (lakes, deep parts of the ocean)

Answer 25

mudrock

Question 26

has beddings/lamination,

Answer 26

shale

Question 27

Made up mostly of sand

Answer 27

sandstone

Question 28

Silt and clay <15%

Answer 28

clean sandstone / arenite

Question 29

silt and clay is >15%

Answer 29

wacke

Question 30

if the clasts are rounded (formed in high energy environments like swift rivers, hence the more rounded shape)

Answer 30

conglomerate

Question 31

if the clasts are angular (formed in environments where clasts not transported significantly, hence little effect on shape)

Answer 31

breccia

Question 32

often classified as organic sedimentary rock due to its composition of decayed material (peat moss and humus)

Answer 32

coal

Question 33

5 chemical sedimentary rocks

Answer 33

limestone, chalk, dolomite rock, chert, evaporites

Question 34

composed mostly of the minerals: calcite and aragonite, the crystal form of calcium carbonate

Answer 34

limestone

Question 35

A limestone composed of calcite minerals made from biochemical processes.

Answer 35

chalk

Question 36

recrystallization of older limestones

Answer 36

dolomites

Question 37

Some organisms like radiolarians and diatoms use silica to make their shell. When they die, the shells settle down and become

Answer 37

chert

Question 38

In dry areas, when waters in lakes and rivers evaporate, they become concentrated with dissolved ions which then crystallize.

Answer 38

evaporites

Question 39

composed mainly of halite

Answer 39

rock salt

Question 40

composed mainly of gypsum

Answer 40

rock gypsum

Question 41

4 Geological Principles for Sedimentary Structures

Answer 41

Original Horizontality Superposition Inclusions Faunal Succession

Question 42

layering of sediments that can be seen in changes in texture, color, composition, etc. It indicates changes related to the deposition of materials that may be due to seasonal, climates, or tectonic changes among others

Answer 42

bedding

Question 43

are narrow gaps in between layers shown in a bedding. These may indicate periods with no deposition

Answer 43

partings

Question 44

Bedding that has angled layers within horizontal beds. This forms due the sediments being deposited by water or wind

Answer 44

cross-bedding

Question 45

Sediments in a flowing water body may become IMBRICATED – they tile towards one direction, with their tops tilting towards the direction of a flow

Answer 45

ripples

Question 46

A bed where gradation/gradual change of grain size from large to small is seen as from bottom to top (known as normal graded beds). Some have large grains at the top and finer grains at the bottom known as reverse/inverse graded bed.

Answer 46

graded bedding

Question 47

when a shallow body of water dries up, the mud at its bottom dries up and cracks due to the clay in the mud shrinking as it dries.

Answer 47

mudcrack

Question 48

deterioration of a rock after exposure, often by excavation.

Answer 48

slaking

Question 49

topography formed from dissolution of soluble rocks. It is characterized by underground drainage with sinkholes and caves.

Answer 49

karst

Question 50

depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer.

Answer 50

sinkhole