WEATHERING AND SOIL FORMATION

Question 1

Serves as building blocks of rocks

Answer 1

Minerals

Question 2

A naturally occurring inorganic substance with more or less definite chemical composition and specific physical properties

Answer 2

Minerals

Question 3

study of minerals and their properties.

Answer 3

Mineralogy

Question 4

Persist in the soil in their original state due to high resistance to decomposition. They are chief sources of sand and silt fractions of soils

Answer 4

Primary Minerals

Question 5

Arise from the chemical breakdown of the least resistant primary minerals. Contributes the clay fraction to the soil.

Answer 5

Secondary Minerals

Question 6

a predominantly parent material of this substance is expected to give rise to sandy soils; does not contribute to soil fertility because of its main composition of SiO2.

Answer 6

Quartz

Question 7

contributes Potassium (K) upon weathering

Answer 7

Orthoclase

Question 8

Contributes Sodium (Na) upon weathering

Answer 8

Sodium-plagioclase

Question 9

Contributes Calcium (Ca) upon weathering

Answer 9

Calcium-plagioclase

Question 10

It is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is a very common mineral, particularly as component of limestone

Answer 10

Calcite

Question 11

an anhydrous carbonate mineral composed of calcium magnesium carbonate, ideally CaMg(CO3)2.

Answer 11

Dolomite

Question 12

isa soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO4·2H2O. It is widely mined and is used as a fertilizer and as the main constituent in many forms of plaster, blackboard or sidewalk chalk, and drywall.

Answer 12

Gypsum

Question 13

a sedimentary rock composed principally of calcite or the double carbonate of calcium and magnesium (dolomite). It is commonly composed of tiny fossils, shell fragments and other fossilized debris.

Answer 13

Limestone

Question 14

isan iron ore consisting of a mixture of hydrated iron(III) oxide-hydroxides in varying composition.

Answer 14

Limonite

Question 15

heavy and relatively hard oxide mineral, ferric oxide (Fe2O3), that constitutes the most important iron ore because of its high iron content (70%) and its abundance.

Answer 15

Hematite

Question 16

is one of the mineral forms of aluminium hydroxide.

Answer 16

Gibbsite

Question 17

isa layered silicate clay mineral which forms from the chemical weathering of feldspar or other aluminum silicate minerals.(1:1 non expanding clay)

Answer 17

Kaolinite

Question 18

ahydrousphyllosilicatemineralwhich undergoes significant expansion when heated. (2:1 limited expanding clays)

Answer 18

Vermiculite

Question 19

Illite type clays are formed from weathering of K and Al rich rocks under high pH conditions.(2:1 non expanding clay)

Answer 19

Illite

Question 20

is the main constituent of bentonite, derived by weathering of volcanic ash. (2:1 expanding clay)

Answer 20

Montmorillonite

Question 21

study of rocks

Answer 21

Petrology

Question 22

A natural substance composed of solid crystals of different minerals that have been fused together. Aggregates of minerals

Answer 22

Rocks

Question 23

Original rocks formed from the solidification of magma at temperature 900oC to 1600oC within or outside the earth’s crust.

Answer 23

IGNEOUS ROCKS

Question 24

2 Modes of Rock Formation

Answer 24

Extrusive and Intrusive Formation

Question 25

# Mode of Rock Formation * Magma is ejected out of the earth’s crust through volcanic eruption and solidifies on the surface. * Abrupt cooling of magma and less time for crystal growth. * The rock formed is fine-grained

Answer 25

Extrusive Formation

Question 26

# Mode of Rock Formation * Magma solidifies within the earth’s surface. * Slow cooling of magma due to high temperature and more time for crystal growth. * The rock formed is coarse-grained

Answer 26

Intrusive Formation

Question 27

Formed from other existing rocks through process of remelting and recrystalization under very high temperature and pressure.

Answer 27

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Question 28

Formed from other existing rocks through fragmentation, transport and recementation.

Answer 28

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Question 29

Examples of Igneous Rocks

Answer 29

* Granite * Diorite * Gabbro * Basalt * Obsidian

Question 30

Examples of Metamorphic Rock

Answer 30

* Gneiss * Schist * Quartzite * Slate * Marble

Question 31

Examples of Sedimentary Rocks

Answer 31

* Limestone * Dolomite * Sandstone * Shale

Question 32

It is the breaking down or deterioration of rocks, soils and minerals as well as wood and artificial materials through contact with water, atmospheric gases, and biological organisms.

Answer 32

Weathering

Question 33

# Types of Weathering Breaking up of rocks and minerals into smaller pieces without any drastic alteration of their chemical composition

Answer 33

Physical Weathering

Question 34

# Types of Weathering Change in the chemical structure and composition of rocks and minerals which results into simpler products.

Answer 34

CHEMICAL WEATHERING

Question 35

Factors of Soil Formation

Answer 35

1. Climate 2. Living Organism 3. Relief or Topographt 4. Parent Material 5. Time