Webinar Questions

Question 1

How does Dracunculus medinensis parasite exist the human host?

Answer 1

From a blister after submerged in water

Question 2

What is the common name for Dracunculiasis? (Dracunculu medinensis)

Answer 2

Guinea worm disease

Question 3

What do the male and female Dracunculus medinensis worms do after mating?

Answer 3

Males die and female migrate to the lower extremities of the host to release offspring into the water.

Question 4

What is the main mechanism to remove Dracunculus medinensis?

Answer 4

Once the worm appears from a wound, the worm should be tied to a stick and slowly pulled out of the body by several centimeters each day until it is fully removed from the body.

Question 5

What are the potential paratenic hosts for Dracunulus medinensis?

Answer 5

Frogs

Question 6

What is the most identifiable characteristic of Dracunculiasis that leads to a dignaoisis?

Answer 6

Cutaneous ulcers with a female crawling out of it after it has ruptured

Question 7

What steps in the Dracunulus medinensis life cycle involve humans?

Answer 7

Infected copepods get ingested by humans. Sexual reproduction takes place inside the human host.

Question 8

What are the two sub species of Trypanosoma brucei?

Answer 8

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T.b.g.) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r.)

Question 9

What are the life forms of Trypanosoma brucei?

Answer 9

Trypomastigote and epimastigote

Question 10

What is considered to be the most lethal form of malaria?

Answer 10

Plasmodium falciparum

Question 11

What is the vector of Plasmodium?

Answer 11

Anopheles mosquito

Question 12

Why was there a lack of study on Naegleria fowleri until Covid-19?

Answer 12

Movement/travel restrictions had increased recreational water activities, which resulted in increased cases of infected individuals

Question 13

How is Naegleria fowleri acquired?

A. Inhalation of infested water
B. Ingestion of infested water
C. Through open wounds
D. Both A and B

Answer 13

A: Inhalation of infested water

Question 14

If you’re swimming in the ocean, should you be worried about Naegleria fowleri?

Answer 14

No, it is only found in warm freshwater.

Question 15

What stage of Naegleria fowleri infects the brain?

Answer 15

Trophozoite

Question 16

What is the downside of using PCR to detect Naegleria fowleri?

Question 17

The cyst if Naegleria fowleri is surround by _________?

Question 18

What is the common name of Dirofliaria immitis and what are some common symptoms of it’s infection in dogs?

Answer 18

Heartworm; pulmonary hypertension, obstruction of blood flow, and enlargement of the right side of the heart, leading to potential death

Question 19

What drug class is used to treat and prevent heartworm disease?

Is there known drug resistance to this class from the causative agent of this disease?

If there is a known drug resistance, what are its consequences?

Answer 19

Macrocyclic lactones

Yes

Could wipe out some dog populations

Question 20

What is one genera that vectors Dirofilaria immitis?

Answer 20

Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Mosquitoes

Question 21

Can humans get infected with Dirofilaria immitis?

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

New potential treatments for Trichomonas vaginalis are being derived from what plant?

Answer 22

Quercus brantii and Artemisia aucheri

Question 23

Pooled prevalence data from a research paper showed that ___% of the populations observed had Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis).

Answer 23

22%

Question 24

What is the lifecycle of Trichomonas vaginalis?

Answer 24

Trophozoite stage only, spread through direct contact

Question 25

How does Trichomonas vaginalis attach to their host?

Answer 25

Cytoadherence (stick to other cells) via their axostyle

Question 26

What are the effects of Trichomoniasis on pregnancy?

Answer 26

low birth weight, premature babies

Question 27

How does trichomoniasis present in men versus women?

Answer 27

men = no symptoms women = smell, discolored discharge and irritation in vagina

Question 28

What gland does Trypanosoma bruci effect in the teste fly vector?

Answer 28

Salivary glands

Question 29

What is the purpose of the undulating membrane?

Answer 29

Mobility and protection

Question 30

How do you treat Trichomonas vaginalis?

Answer 30

Metronidazole

Question 31

What are some symptoms of Balantidiasis (Balantidium coli)?

Answer 31

Most people are asymptomatic but can experince bloody stool, pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. Severe cases can have intestinal lesions and stunted growth from malnutrition.

Question 32

What is the treatment for Balantidium coli?

Answer 32

Tetracycline, metronidazole, and iodoquinol. Tetracycline should not be used on a pregnant person or young children.

Question 33

How common is it to see Balantidium coli infection in humans? Are there other organisms this parasite often infects? Of humans who are infected with this parasite, what organism do they often come into contact with/work with?

Answer 33

uncommon in people, typically seen in pigs and usually pig farmers

Question 34

Describe two methods that could be used to diagnose Balantidium coli.

Answer 34

Buffered Saline: demonstrates motility of trophozoites Centrifugation: separates components of fecal matter so that cysts or trophozoites are on top

Question 35

What is the preferred reservoir hosts for Balantidium coli?

Answer 35

Pigs

Question 36

True or False: Is this the only ciliated protozoan known to infect humans? (Balantidium coli)

Answer 36

True

Question 37

What are other reservoir hosts for Balantidium coli otherthan pigs?

Answer 37

Horses and sheep

Question 38

How does tetracycline kill Balantidium coli cells?

Answer 38

Inhibits protein synthesis

Question 39

What are humans in relation to Toxocara canis' life cycle?

Answer 39

Accidental Hosts/Dead end

Question 40

The three types of Toxocariasis Ocular, Visceral, and Nuero, are caused by what process?

Answer 40

The migration of the larva into different parts of the body?

Question 41

What is toxocariasis?

Answer 41

Round worms in cats and dogs caused by Toxocara canis

Question 42

What stage of Toxocara canis can infect humans?

Answer 42

egg (L3?)

Question 43

Why is T. canis more infectious in areas with lower social economic status?

Answer 43

Theirs a decrease in health care and a greater accumulation of pets

Question 44

What group of people are at the most risk for toxoplasmosis? (Toxoplasma gondii)

Answer 44

Immunocompromised individuals

Question 45

What is congenital toxoplasmosis?(Toxoplasma gondii)

Answer 45

Toxoplasmosis is transmitted to the infant and ultimately affects the newborn which can cause death

Question 46

What are the effects of a Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans?

Answer 46

Increased risky behaviors, aggression, decreased reaction time and possibly schizophrenia.

Question 47

What are the effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection in rodents?

Answer 47

Lack of fear (of cats), behavioral changes (likes open spaces)

Question 48

What roles do dogs vs humans have in the life cycle of Toxocara canis?

Answer 48

Dogs > def, Humans > accidental

Question 49

What are the three kinds of toxocariaisis that can be caused by Toxocara canis?

Answer 49

Ocular, Visceral, and Nuero

Question 50

Is Toxoplasma gondii dangerous for pregnant people?

Answer 50

Yes, it can cause transplacental infections

Question 51

What is the common name for Taenia pisiformis?

Answer 51

Rabbit tapeworm

Question 52

True or False: Taenia pisiformis is zoonotic.

Answer 52

False

Question 53

What role does the rabbit have in the Taenia pisiformis life cycle?

Answer 53

Intermediate host

Question 54

What is the definitive host for Taenia pisiformis?

Answer 54

Canines

Question 55

Where in the intermediate host does the egg turn into a cystercus? (Taenia pisiformis)

Answer 55

Abdominal cavity

Question 56

What type of scolex does Taenia pisiformis have?

Answer 56

armed acetabulum ( 4 suckers and armed rostellum)

Question 57

How can Taenia pisiformis be diagnosied?

Answer 57

Intermediate: dissections Definitive: stool

Question 58

Is Enterobius vermicularis monoecious or dioecious?

Answer 58

Dioecious

Question 59

Enterobious vermicularis is also know as....

Answer 59

pin woooorms (itchy butt)

Question 60

How is Enterobious vermicularis diagnosed?

Answer 60

scotch tape method around the perianal area to locate eggs

Question 61

What can Neospora caninum cause in pregnant cattle and canines?

Answer 61

Abortion and also transplacental transmission

Question 62

What is an ELISA test?

Answer 62

a laboratory technique that detects antibodies or antigens in bodily fluids.

Question 63

How does someone get Paragonimus westermani?

Answer 63

Eating infected meat

Question 64

How would someone treat echinococcosis?

Answer 64

Albendazole

Question 65

What is the definitive host for echinococcus?

Answer 65

Canines: red/gray fox, coyotes, wolves, and domesticated dogs

Question 66

What are the two most important types of Echinococcus in terms of medical and public health relevance?

Answer 66

1) Cystic echinococcus aka Hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus 2) Alveolar echinoccus, creates parasitic lesions in organs, caused by Echinoccus multicularis

Question 67

What are the two different host for Echinococcus sp.?

Answer 67

Definitive hosts are both canines Intermediate hosts: E. multicularis = rodents E. granulosus = deer, elk, and sheep

Question 68

What are the definitive hosts for Echinococcus granulosus (circle all that apply)? A. Worms B. Red fox C. Domestic dogs D. Freshwater fish E. Snails F. Humans

Answer 68

B and C

Question 69

What type of echinococcosis causes parasitic lessions?

Answer 69

Alveolar echinococcosis

Question 70

What is used to treat echinococcosis?

Answer 70

Albendazole

Question 71

What place in the body does Neurocysticercosis from Tenia solium take place?

Answer 71

Brain

Question 72

What animal is the intermediate host for Tenia solium?

Answer 72

Pig

Question 73

What is the best chemotherapy treatment for a T. cruzi infection?

Answer 73

Benznidazole and nifurtimox

Question 74

What is species name for American trypanosomiasis?

Answer 74

Trypanosoma cruzi

Question 75

What is the intermediate and definitive host of Leucochloridium paradoxum?

Answer 75

Snails and crows

Question 76

Where does Leucochloridium paradoxum inhabit the snail and what is its purpose?

Answer 76

The eye stalks of the snail to attract crows or other birds

Question 77

How does Leucochloridium paradoxum effect its intermediate host?

Answer 77

Eye stalks enlarge, change colours, and they pulsate. Behavioral changes cause the snail to climb higher, be attracted to light, and slower reaction times

Question 78

What parasite is also called beaver fever?

Answer 78

Giardia lamblia

Question 79

What is the active and motile form of Giardia lamblia?

Answer 79

trophozoite

Question 80

What factors can predispose someone to getting assemblage B of Giardia intestinalis?

Answer 80

Child <12yr olds, being female, and eating fresh fruits

Question 81

What does VSP stand for (in regard to Giardia)? On what reproductive stage is this found on? What does VSP allow for this organism, and how does it aid in its survival?

Answer 81

VSP=variant specific protein. One unique VSP is expressed on each trophozoite, which allows for antigenic variation. This allows the organism to persist within its host, as the immune system is unable to attack just the same protein surface. It’s like the Giardia can put on a disguise over and over again, making it hard for the immune system (specifically memory cells) to recognize it and mount an attack.

Question 82

What is the most common intestinal parasite diagnosed in the United States?

Answer 82

Giardia lamblia

Question 83

What is the major reservoir of Giardia lamblia?

Answer 83

Beavers

Question 84

What is the most deadly form of Leishmaniasis?

Answer 84

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

Question 85

What is the distribution of D. dentriticum and D. hospes? Which is the most common cause of dicroelialsis?

Answer 85

D. dentriticum is found in Europe, Asia, Northern Africa, and parts of North America. It is the most common cause of dicroelialsis. D. hopes is found mainly in West Africa

Question 86

Can Dicrocoelium sp. infect people?

Answer 86

Yes

Question 87

How many intermediate hosts does Dicrocolium dendriticum have and what are they?

Answer 87

2, snail and ant

Question 88

What are the symptoms of severe Dicrocoeliasis?

Answer 88

Liver and bile duct damage

Question 89

What stage of development does the dicrocoelium denedriticum have the "zombie-like" effects in ants?

Answer 89

Metacercaria

Question 90

How would you identify Dicrocoelium denedriticum?

Answer 90

Finding eggs in feces or post-mortem liver examination under microscope

Question 91

What is the Dicrocoelium denedriticum definitive host?

Answer 91

Ungulates: sheep and cows.