WECC test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Who wrote black gold?
give key ideas and supporting details (8)
A
- Leah Penniman
- DIVERSITY is the elixir for better soils; not using monoculture crops
- EXPLOITATION of the soil: European farming techniques; monoculture depletes the soil. We start using fertilizers and chemicals created with fossil fuels. Human caused climate change started with the exploitation of the soil, not the IR.
- EARTHWORMS: They contribute to the fertility of soil. Cleopatra, in 51 B.C.E., declared earthworms as sacred.
- Dijour Carter: boy on a field trip who didn’t care about the Soul Fire Farm because it related to slavery; but at the end of the day he cried because the soil reminded him of his grandma who taught him how to garden and hold soil
- black people have a SACRED ANCESTRAL RELATIONSHIP with the soil
- WOKRING CONDITIONS: “Nearly 85% of people who work the land are Hispanic or Latinx and do not get the same labor protection laws as American workers
- “If you are not affected by climate change today, that in itself is a privilege”
- black people having a negative connotation with the soil: labeling the land as the oppressor.
- carbon sequestration
2
Q
How are current women in Ghana and Liberia boosting soil fertility?
A
In the article “Black Gold”
By using additives such as ash, char, bones, by-products from handmade soaps, and harvest chaff to create “African Dark Earths” AKA black gold
doesn’t use fossil fuels
3
Q
what element is often used in fertilizers; how is this driving climate change
A
Nitrogen. Much of our nitrogen fertilizer is made from fossil fuels.
4
Q
why are heritage farming practices important? give some examples of them 4
A
- Agriculture contributes to 24% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Heritage practices reduce emissions and capture excess carbon from the sky and put it into the soil
- Silvopasture: an Indigenous system that integrates nut/fruit trees, forage, and grasses to feed grazing livestock
- Regenerative agriculture: minimal soil disturbance, organic production, compost application, the use of cover crops, and crop rotation
- both systems harness plants to capture greenhouse gases
5
Q
In “Black Gold” give some examples of women-led farms using heritage farming practices. 3
A
- High Hog Farm in Grayson Georgia: Keisha Cameron is establishing tree guilds, where fruit trees are surrounded by a variety of crops. She raises heritage breeds of animals and worms in an integrated Silvopasture system. Her goal is to have a “closed loop” where all the fertility the farm needs is created there.
- Soul Fire Farm in Grafton New York: Larisa Jacobson says her duty is to call the exiled carbon back into the land. Chickens were the first contributors to soil healing. They planted leguminous cover crops on bare soil and used tarps to prevent weeds. Planting perennials. Agroforestry: diversity in planting.
- Fresh Future Farm in North Charlestown South Carolina: Germaine Jenkins uses ancestral muscle memory to guide her regenerative practices. She integrates perennial crops with annual crops. Creates their own compost. The farm no longer needs irrigation and is less vulnerable to flooding due to the increase of organic matter in the soil.
6
Q
how is soil connected to sickness 3
A
- the earth is a relative, not a commodity, and that is why you are all sick
- Western culture agrees that our sickness is connected to estrangement from the soil
- after mice were induced with soil bacteria, they produced more serotonin
7
Q
quotes from ode to dirt by sharon olds
A
- it’s as if I had loved only the stars and no the sky which gave them space in which to shine
- When i understood i had never honored you as a living equal, I was ashamed of myself
8
Q
Key points from the video “It’s time we stopped treating the soil like dirt” 7
A
- The only thing keeping us from extinction is 6 inches of soil and the fact that it rains
- 90% of our food comes from soil
- Lyndsay Blake: soil is made of rocks, minerals, organic matter, water, and microbes
- 4,000-50,000 different kinds of species in one gram of soil
- Soil is an effective carbon sink/carbon sequestration, but only if it has the organic molecules needed. If we increase the storage by 0.4 we can decrease CO2 levels in the air
- Plowing kills 90% of the worms in the soil. Earthworms pull nutrients from the top of the soil toward the bottom. Once they poop, the nutrients enter the deeper soil.
- The world is losing 30 football fields of soil every minute
9
Q
Key ideas from “The Seeds of Vandana Shiva”
11
A
- we modify nature without understanding what it does to the larger world
- science is one-sided
- if you don’t understand the interconnectedness, you don’t have knowledge
- quantum theory: opens our world to relate at the level of interrelationships
- Chipko 1973: There was a Timber mafia in India. Cutting down trees in protected areas prevents the access of villagers (primarily women, they collect the fuel and fodder)
- TREE HUGGERS: Chipko women decided to hug the trees to protect them from getting cut. Ecological activism.
- AFTER a big flood occurred, the government put a ban on logging
- AGAINST MONOCULTURE AND PESTICIDES: Industrial farming is the single biggest destructive force on the planet
- Clear-cutting of oak forests to plant apple orchids
- Big rain storms wash the soil away. Outcome of clear-cutting
- ECOFEMINISM > “The first time a link was made between environmental degradation and its impact on women. Wrote Staying Alive: connection to women on the ground
10
Q
quotes from seeds of Vandana shiva
A
- “I believe the war against the earth begins in the minds of men. Especially men who control power and capital.”
- “40% of the solution to climate change lies in organic ecological farming in the hands of small farmers.”
11
Q
who wrote, “solutions underfoot”?
key ideas 5
A
- jane zelikova
- In nature, nothing exists alone.
- In the last 12 thousand years, we’ve lost 133 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide from soil
– to bring back soil, we must feed the microbes
- microbes are the movers and shakers of carbon sequestration
12
Q
what article did Gilio Whitaker write?
key ideas and specific details? 6
A
- The Standing Rock Saga
- Black snake story: a snake would slither across the land and bring destruction to the Earth and her people. The “Black Snake” is a 2.4 million mile-long pipeline conveying oil, gasoline, heating oil, and natural gas
- People were protesting because the pipe was going through sacred lands and went under a river that could contaminate their water supply.
- Local government wanted the pipeline to go through for the money, short-term jobs, and to boost the economy. They said, based on the treaty it’s fine and legal.
- Resistance movement: began in 2016. A small group of women set up a camp to monitor pipeline construction
- environmental racism, genocide: 1851 Treaty camp, Protectors said the land was sacred and began using their bodies as blockades. 3 days later during a militarized police sweep, 141 people were arrested and many were severely injured
- fracking
13
Q
where does our energy come from?
A
Our energy comes from power plants that is delivered to our homes via power lines
14
Q
key points in Animated Map Of The Major Oil And Gas Pipelines In The US video 4
A
- the US of more than 2.5 million miles of pipelines
- the trans-alaska pipeline carried over 2 million barrels a day in 1988
- pipelines are the “safest way” to transport hazardous liquid but damaging accidents still happen
- US is the largest consumer of oil
15
Q
what article did katherine hayhoe write
key ideas and examples 6
A
- How to talk about climate change
- FIND COMMON GROUND: “we begin these discussions with mutual respect and a focus on what connects us.”
- “Our opinions on climate change are based on our politics, not our knowledge
- most people believe in climate change but they don’t have a sense of urgency
- climate change has widened the economic gap from richest to poorest by 25%
- those who have done the least to contribute to the problem are most affected
- “because to care about climate change all we really have to be is a human living on planet earth”
