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Crop Pest > Weed Management > Flashcards

Weed Management Flashcards

1
Q

Weeds have the ability to…

A

invade, dominate and persist

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2
Q

What are the seed characteristics?

A
  • Longevity of seeds(seed banks)

- Germination requirements filled in many environments

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3
Q

Vegetative Characteristics?

A
  • Rapid growth(vegetative-flowering)
  • Perennials with vigorous vegetative reproduction
  • Perrenials not pulled from ground easily
  • Competitive abilities(climbing, shade, drought, salt tolerant)
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4
Q

Reproductive Characteristics?

A
  • Continuous seed production
  • Cross pollination
  • very high seed output
  • adaptation for seed dispersal(wind, water, animals, machinary)
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5
Q

What parts of agriculture do weeds impact?

A
  • crops
  • livestock
  • general farming
  • rural population
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6
Q

Weed impacts on crops?

A
  • yield reduction
  • loss of yield
  • reduced quality
  • crop refusal
  • increased transportation & production costs
  • weed seeds/plant material cause heating in storage
  • low tolerance for weed seeds(eliminate crop as certified seed source)
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7
Q

Weed impacts in livestock?

A
  • reduced grazing area
  • reduced forage production/quality
  • effects milk/meat quality
  • health issues
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8
Q

Weed impacts on general farming?

A
  • Increased sanitation needs
  • reduced ability to work soil
  • limit management choices
  • harbor other pests(diseases & insects can overwinter on vegetation)
  • interfere with harvesting
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9
Q

Weed impacts on rural population?

A
  • Use/spray drift concerns
  • human health concerns
  • drainage issues
  • visibility at road crossings
  • overall cost
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10
Q

What makes weeds successful? How?

A

Ability to interfere with growth of desirable plants

  • Allelopathy
  • Competition
  • Parasitism
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11
Q

What are allelopathy plants?

A

Have the ability to release toxins in their root zone that interferes with the growth of other plants(rye)

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12
Q

what makes weeds competitive?

A 
-based on timing of weed emergence
(1st plant has the advantage)
-weed density
-growth habitat and rate
-sexual reproduction
-seed banks
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13
Q

In what 2 ways can weeds spread?

A

Artificial and natural agents

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14
Q

How do weeds spread by artificial agents?

A
  • contamination seed/soil
  • transport systems
  • moving equipment
  • clothes/belongings
  • irrigation water
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15
Q

How do weeds spread by natural agents?

A
  • wind/water
  • animals, rodents, birds
  • reproduces using vegetative structures
  • allow for overwintering
  • propagation
  • extend parent plant to new sites
  • grow faster than those from seed
  • aid in survival after distribution
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16
Q

Types of weed distribution?

A
  • patches
  • outer field edges
  • widespread, even distribution
  • populations dependent on topography
17
Q

Weed control/prevention of spread?

A
  • use certified, weed-free seed
  • prevent seed set
  • practice roadside/fence line sanitation
  • prevent spread
  • avoid contamination feed/soil
  • establish competitive crops
  • integrate weed management
  • avoid build-up of resistance
  • ensure tillage operations aren’t spreading
  • ensure tillage operations aren’t spreading the problem
18
Q

Weed resistance?

A
  • Multiple resistance wild oat and kochia are the top HR weed problems
  • consistent applications of BMPs is the best long-term strategy
19
Q

Top 5 weeds in MB?

A
  • |Green foxtail
  • wild buckwheat
  • barnyard grass
  • wild oat
  • volunteer conola
20
Q

What a summer annual?

A

1 growing season, fast growing with high seed return, seeds dormant over winter(Lambs quarters, green foxtail, redroot pigweed)
Possible Reduction- Less tillage

20
Q

What a summer annual?

A

1 growing season, fast growing with high seed return, seeds dormant over winter(Lambs quarters, green foxtail, redroot pigweed)
Possible Reduction- Less tillage

21
Q

What’s a winter annual?

A

Germinate late summer/fall, dorment winter, flowers in spring, sets seed and dies before summer heat(cleavers, shepherds purse, chickweed)
Possible Reduction-easiest to kill in fall before hardened or first thing spring

22
Q

What’s a biennial?

A

Lives 2 years(Year 1-Vegetative, Year 2-Reproductive) Commonly found in reduced tillage sites and perennial forages(common burdock, white cockle)
Possible Reduction-spot spray, plant something to choke them out

23
Q

What’s a perennial?

A

Grows many years, vary widely in how they spread, difficult to control, extremely competitive in annual crops often found in perennial forages
Reduction-fall systemic herbicide application for long-term control( moves through plant)

24
Q

What’s a simple perennial?

A

Spread by seed

25
Q

What’s a creeping perennial?

A

Rhizomes underground

26
Q

Types of herbicide resistance?

A
  • Herbicide tolerant(glyphosate-group 9-canola, corn,soybean)
  • Glufosinate tolerant(group 10-canola, corn)
  • Clearfield tolerant(group 2-canola)
27
Q

Herbicide resistance development?

A
  • begins with some individuals exhibiting natural resistance to the herbicide group
  • repeated use that group applies selection pressure
  • overtime resistance individuals survive and set seed resulting in resistant population getting larger
28
Q

Resistant types?

A

-single resistance
-cross resistance(multiple herbicides, same mode of action)
-Multiple resistance(multiple herbicides, various modes of action)
-Group 1(grassy weeds, no broadleaf, ACCase inhibitor-attack growing point)
-Group 2(Most resistance broad leafed kochia(group 2, glyphosate)
Resistance-major problem group 1 & 2

29
Q

How would you suspect herbicide resistant weeds?

A
  • weeds still alive after spray
  • weed increase, irregular shaped patch
  • some dead, some alive after spray
  • records show repeated herbicide use
30
Q

How would you test for herbicide resistance?

A

-collect mature seeds, lab grows plants and sprays with herbicide group

31
Q

What’s glyphosate resistant kochia?

A

-collect leaf material for DNA testing from top 2-3 inches of plant, bag it in plastic, put it on ice immediately after, keep all plants separated, send it to lab

32
Q

What’s the Noxious Weed Act?

A

Provincial Legislation than give rural municipalities the power to manage weeds within there border.

33
Q

What does the Noxious Weed Act entitle you to do?

A

By-law you have to destroy Tier 1 weeds by(burning, bagging)
Tier 1 weeds: waterhemp, palmer amaranth

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