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Mummies: 2239 > Week 03: Andean cultural History > Flashcards

Week 03: Andean cultural History Flashcards

1
Q

Andean Cultural History were generally divided

A

horizons (cultural influences)
intermediate periods (cultures flourished)

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2
Q

How are Andean cultural periods generally characterized

A

ceramic typologies

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3
Q

Earliest mummies?

A

Early preceramic period

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4
Q

Where are the Chinchorro from?

A

Chile and Southern Peru

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5
Q

Chinchorro quick facts

A

-sedentary fisher folks, also hunters and gatherers
- water sources were very important
- before agriculture and ceramics

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6
Q

earliest site of chinchorro

A

acha

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7
Q

earliest mummy

A

acha man
naturally mummified
from the site of Acha

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8
Q

earliest anthropogenically prepared mummy in the world

A

chinchorro mummies

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9
Q

5 types of chinchorro mummies

A
  1. natural
  2. natural + mud
  3. black
  4. red
  5. red + skin bandages
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10
Q

Type 1 Chinchorro mummies

A

-natural
-naturally desiccated in the desert sand

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11
Q

Type 1a chinchorro mummies

A

natural and mud
naturally desiccated in the desert sand then covered in mud from head to toe

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12
Q

Type 2 chinchorro mummy

A

Black mummies
secondary burials
body was first buried then exhumed for cleaning, dismembered, treated and reassembled
body form modelled in clay
skin reattached
body painted with a manganese paste

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13
Q

Type 3 chinchorro mummy

A

-Red mummies
- incisions at shoulders, groin, knees and ankles
-organs and muscles removed
- head detached, brain removed
- sticks under king for support, cavities stuffed with feathers, soil and hair, incisions sutured with human hair
- body painted with red ochre

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14
Q

Type 3a Chinchorro mummies

A
  • bandaged and corded mummies
  • skin reattached as bandages
  • many stick s and reeds used
  • also red mummies
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15
Q

who was mummified in chinchorro culture

A
  • all/many infants
  • both males and females
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16
Q

First artificial mummies

A

black mummies

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17
Q

explanation of chinchorro mummies

A

mummies were being used as religious icons
evidence for a complex funerary ritual

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18
Q

INka period/Late Horizon

A

started in small polity - Cuzco
expansion using different conquest strategies from the military to diplomacy
- the Inca or Sapa Inka was the King and he was descended from the Sun
- two main sources of information are the Spanish chronicles and the archaeological record

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19
Q

Seperation for Inka mummies

A

death-immediate mourning period

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20
Q

Transition for Inka mummies

A

extended mourning period, preparation of the mummy

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21
Q

Reintegration of Inka mummies

A

month long festival
society reintegrates around the new Inka
But the dead Inka is reintegrated into the society in a anew role as a venerated ancestor - there is no ultimate seperation

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22
Q

How long is the mourning period for Inka mummies

A

10 days - included consumption of chicha and camelid sacrefices
household dressed in dark clothes and lived in darkness
the ink’s women, children and volunteers were sacrificed
provincial lords travelled to Cuzco

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23
Q

How was Inka prepared

A

prepared as a bundle and placed with his ancestors
took a long time
involved turning him into a venerated ancestor - a mallqui/divine being

24
Q

What happens a year after the death of the Inka

A

month long festival that lasts a month
feasting, processing, dancing, battle re-enactments, mass sacrifices throughout the empire

25
Q

The Inka Mummies were considered to be alive

A

-consulted for their opinions via interpreter
offered libations
members of their panaca cared for the mummy
could be represented by an idol
make an appearance at rituals

26
Q

3 Types of Mummification (Inka)

A

Type 1: natural
Type 2: intentional natural
Type 3: Artificial

27
Q

Type 1: Natural Mummification (Inka)

A
  • dry/frozen, anaerobic environments
  • hot or cold temperatures
  • highly absorbent substances (e.g. sand)
28
Q

Type II: Intentional natural mummification

A
  • body intentionally dried/dessicated by environmental factors
  • body wrapped in highly absorbent materials (e.g. textiles)
  • intentional location of cemeteries with favourable natural conditions for preservation
29
Q

Type III: Artificial mummification

A
  • evisceration
  • replacement of soft tissues and/or skeleton with other materials
  • heat treatments (e.g. smoke, fire)
  • use of antiseptic materials
30
Q

Why was natural mummification not possible in Cuzco

A

moderate humidity - fosters bacteria
cool temperatures - blow flies till active
precipitation varies greatly and affects local humidity

31
Q

Karajia Sarcophagi

A

large wooden and plaster figures on cliff faces, with burials tucked into their bodies

32
Q

Laguna de los Condores

A

site contained hundreds of well-preserved mummy bundles
also called Laguna de las momias

33
Q

Chachapoyas Period

A

some evidence that artificial mummification, but the predominant burial practice was the secondary burial of dried bundles of bones

34
Q

Inka Period

A

mummification became the dominant aspect of the mortuary ritual
bundles weren’t buried - they were kept in chullpas (mausoleums) allowing access to them
- access to the ancestors appears to have been important

35
Q

Diagnostic characteristic of Chachapoyas

A

evisceration of abdominal (sometimes thoracic) organs through the anus
anus plugged with a cotton “tampon”
skin treated with an organic preservative
skin treated with an organic preservative
nose and cheeks stuffed with cotton
bodies were hyper-flexed - knees to chest, hands to chin
body wrapped in layers of plain weave cotton
fly casings suggest prep was lengthy
outermost layer often decorated with geometric designs and/or faces, or bundle enclosed in wooden staves

36
Q

Chachapoyas mortuary ritual

A

lengthy transitional period - due to insect remains
reintegration even - collective internment
bodies still available in the chullpas - still part of ongoing life

37
Q

Classic expression of TB in archaeological material

A

Pott’s spine
destruction of the articular surfaces of joints (esp. hip) (involvement of the pubic symphysis is rare)
periosteal bone formation on the ribs

38
Q

CMA 0218 expression of TB

A

calcified lesions in the mediastinal and deep cervical lymph nodes
no skeletal involvement

39
Q

comparison of CMA 0218 and other mummies with TB

A

diagnosis largely based on radiological and physical examination of calcified lymph nodes without skeletal involvement
- much higher incident of TB than previously reported

40
Q

6 other Peruvian mummies

A

shrunken heads
peruvian fardos
natural mummies
tucume
pachacamac
puruchuco

41
Q

shrunken heads

A

severed heads prepared as trophies or for rituals or trade
practiced in tribes in the Amazon rainforest of Ecuador and Peru
Religious significance: it harnessed the spirit of the dead person

42
Q

Peruvian fardos

A
  • mummy bundles
  • includes offerings and belongings of the individual (more personalization)
  • can be natural or artificial mummies
43
Q

Natural mummies

A

naturally mummified bodies can’t tell us much about mummification ritual
preserved remains and associated artifacts can be extremely informative

44
Q

Tucume

A

Naturally mummified
- buried in sand and wrapped with many textiles
tightly flexed

45
Q

Pachacamac

A

Naturally mummified
- abundant textile wrappings forming a “bale”
tightly flexed
bundles often have a false head (false cabeza)

46
Q

Puruchuco

A

Naturally mummified
- abundant textile wrappings forming a “bale”
Tightly flexed
Bundles often have a false head (false cabeza)

47
Q

Sacrifices in the Andes

A

affirmed relationships between humans and supernatural
a reciprocal act

48
Q

offering sacrifices

A

to the gods or supernatural beings

49
Q

foundation sacrifices

A

offerings of dedication, ratification, or consecration to new architecture

50
Q

retainer sacrifice

A

retainers, chosen to accompany a thing status individuals into the afterworld

51
Q

separation in sacrifices

A

separation of the child from the family

52
Q

transition and sacrifices

A

preparation time
change in diet- introduction of coca and chicha

53
Q

second separation and sacrifices

A

actual point of sacrifice/death

54
Q

reintegration and sacrifices

A

individual becomes one with the divine
the family is honoured and social order is restored
individual is no longer part of daily life

55
Q

Juanita - the Inka ice maiden

A

Female - 11-15
killed by blow to the head
mountains were believed to be sacred and alive (apu)
most sacrifices were nonadult to appease apu

56
Q

Llullaillaco - Argentina

A

three ice mummies
3 children, no evidence of cause of death
though to be a sacrifice due to coca and chicha evidence

57
Q

INka mummies were a considered a symbol

A

of power and resistance during the Spanish conquest, and they were burned/disappeared soon after

Mummies: 2239 (4 decks)

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