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Mummies: 2239 > Week 03: Andean cultural History > Flashcards

Week 03: Andean cultural History Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Andean Cultural History were generally divided

A

horizons (cultural influences)
intermediate periods (cultures flourished)

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2
Q

How are Andean cultural periods generally characterized

A

ceramic typologies

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3
Q

Earliest mummies?

A

Early preceramic period

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4
Q

Where are the Chinchorro from?

A

Chile and Southern Peru

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5
Q

Chinchorro quick facts

A

-sedentary fisher folks, also hunters and gatherers
- water sources were very important
- before agriculture and ceramics

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6
Q

earliest site of chinchorro

A

acha

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7
Q

earliest mummy

A

acha man
naturally mummified
from the site of Acha

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8
Q

earliest anthropogenically prepared mummy in the world

A

chinchorro mummies

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9
Q

5 types of chinchorro mummies

A
  1. natural
  2. natural + mud
  3. black
  4. red
  5. red + skin bandages
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10
Q

Type 1 Chinchorro mummies

A

-natural
-naturally desiccated in the desert sand

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11
Q

Type 1a chinchorro mummies

A

natural and mud
naturally desiccated in the desert sand then covered in mud from head to toe

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12
Q

Type 2 chinchorro mummy

A

Black mummies
secondary burials
body was first buried then exhumed for cleaning, dismembered, treated and reassembled
body form modelled in clay
skin reattached
body painted with a manganese paste

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13
Q

Type 3 chinchorro mummy

A

-Red mummies
- incisions at shoulders, groin, knees and ankles
-organs and muscles removed
- head detached, brain removed
- sticks under king for support, cavities stuffed with feathers, soil and hair, incisions sutured with human hair
- body painted with red ochre

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14
Q

Type 3a Chinchorro mummies

A
  • bandaged and corded mummies
  • skin reattached as bandages
  • many stick s and reeds used
  • also red mummies
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15
Q

who was mummified in chinchorro culture

A
  • all/many infants
  • both males and females
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16
Q

First artificial mummies

A

black mummies

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17
Q

explanation of chinchorro mummies

A

mummies were being used as religious icons
evidence for a complex funerary ritual

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18
Q

INka period/Late Horizon

A

started in small polity - Cuzco
expansion using different conquest strategies from the military to diplomacy
- the Inca or Sapa Inka was the King and he was descended from the Sun
- two main sources of information are the Spanish chronicles and the archaeological record

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19
Q

Seperation for Inka mummies

A

death-immediate mourning period

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20
Q

Transition for Inka mummies

A

extended mourning period, preparation of the mummy

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21
Q

Reintegration of Inka mummies

A

month long festival
society reintegrates around the new Inka
But the dead Inka is reintegrated into the society in a anew role as a venerated ancestor - there is no ultimate seperation

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22
Q

How long is the mourning period for Inka mummies

A

10 days - included consumption of chicha and camelid sacrefices
household dressed in dark clothes and lived in darkness
the ink’s women, children and volunteers were sacrificed
provincial lords travelled to Cuzco

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23
Q

How was Inka prepared

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A

prepared as a bundle and placed with his ancestors
took a long time
involved turning him into a venerated ancestor - a mallqui/divine being

24
Q

What happens a year after the death of the Inka

Study These Flashcards
A

month long festival that lasts a month
feasting, processing, dancing, battle re-enactments, mass sacrifices throughout the empire

25
The Inka Mummies were considered to be alive
-consulted for their opinions via interpreter offered libations members of their panaca cared for the mummy could be represented by an idol make an appearance at rituals
26
3 Types of Mummification (Inka)
Type 1: natural Type 2: intentional natural Type 3: Artificial
27
Type 1: Natural Mummification (Inka)
- dry/frozen, anaerobic environments - hot or cold temperatures - highly absorbent substances (e.g. sand)
28
Type II: Intentional natural mummification
- body intentionally dried/dessicated by environmental factors - body wrapped in highly absorbent materials (e.g. textiles) - intentional location of cemeteries with favourable natural conditions for preservation
29
Type III: Artificial mummification
- evisceration - replacement of soft tissues and/or skeleton with other materials - heat treatments (e.g. smoke, fire) - use of antiseptic materials
30
Why was natural mummification not possible in Cuzco
moderate humidity - fosters bacteria cool temperatures - blow flies till active precipitation varies greatly and affects local humidity
31
Karajia Sarcophagi
large wooden and plaster figures on cliff faces, with burials tucked into their bodies
32
Laguna de los Condores
site contained hundreds of well-preserved mummy bundles also called Laguna de las momias
33
Chachapoyas Period
some evidence that artificial mummification, but the predominant burial practice was the secondary burial of dried bundles of bones
34
Inka Period
mummification became the dominant aspect of the mortuary ritual bundles weren't buried - they were kept in chullpas (mausoleums) allowing access to them - access to the ancestors appears to have been important
35
Diagnostic characteristic of Chachapoyas
evisceration of abdominal (sometimes thoracic) organs through the anus anus plugged with a cotton "tampon" skin treated with an organic preservative skin treated with an organic preservative nose and cheeks stuffed with cotton bodies were hyper-flexed - knees to chest, hands to chin body wrapped in layers of plain weave cotton fly casings suggest prep was lengthy outermost layer often decorated with geometric designs and/or faces, or bundle enclosed in wooden staves
36
Chachapoyas mortuary ritual
lengthy transitional period - due to insect remains reintegration even - collective internment bodies still available in the chullpas - still part of ongoing life
37
Classic expression of TB in archaeological material
Pott's spine destruction of the articular surfaces of joints (esp. hip) (involvement of the pubic symphysis is rare) periosteal bone formation on the ribs
38
CMA 0218 expression of TB
calcified lesions in the mediastinal and deep cervical lymph nodes no skeletal involvement
39
comparison of CMA 0218 and other mummies with TB
diagnosis largely based on radiological and physical examination of calcified lymph nodes without skeletal involvement - much higher incident of TB than previously reported
40
6 other Peruvian mummies
shrunken heads peruvian fardos natural mummies tucume pachacamac puruchuco
41
shrunken heads
severed heads prepared as trophies or for rituals or trade practiced in tribes in the Amazon rainforest of Ecuador and Peru Religious significance: it harnessed the spirit of the dead person
42
Peruvian fardos
- mummy bundles - includes offerings and belongings of the individual (more personalization) - can be natural or artificial mummies
43
Natural mummies
naturally mummified bodies can't tell us much about mummification ritual preserved remains and associated artifacts can be extremely informative
44
Tucume
Naturally mummified - buried in sand and wrapped with many textiles tightly flexed
45
Pachacamac
Naturally mummified - abundant textile wrappings forming a "bale" tightly flexed bundles often have a false head (false cabeza)
46
Puruchuco
Naturally mummified - abundant textile wrappings forming a "bale" Tightly flexed Bundles often have a false head (false cabeza)
47
Sacrifices in the Andes
affirmed relationships between humans and supernatural a reciprocal act
48
offering sacrifices
to the gods or supernatural beings
49
foundation sacrifices
offerings of dedication, ratification, or consecration to new architecture
50
retainer sacrifice
retainers, chosen to accompany a thing status individuals into the afterworld
51
separation in sacrifices
separation of the child from the family
52
transition and sacrifices
preparation time change in diet- introduction of coca and chicha
53
second separation and sacrifices
actual point of sacrifice/death
54
reintegration and sacrifices
individual becomes one with the divine the family is honoured and social order is restored individual is no longer part of daily life
55
Juanita - the Inka ice maiden
Female - 11-15 killed by blow to the head mountains were believed to be sacred and alive (apu) most sacrifices were nonadult to appease apu
56
Llullaillaco - Argentina
three ice mummies 3 children, no evidence of cause of death though to be a sacrifice due to coca and chicha evidence
57
INka mummies were a considered a symbol
of power and resistance during the Spanish conquest, and they were burned/disappeared soon after

Mummies: 2239 (4 decks)

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