Week 1

Question 1

What is anatomy?

Answer 1

the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.

Question 2

What is physiology?

Answer 2

the function of the body and how each body part works

Question 3

What are the 6 levels of structural organisation?

Answer 3

1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ level
5. Organ System level
6. Organism level

Question 4

what is the chemical level?

Answer 4

atoms form molecules

Question 5

what is the cellular level?

Answer 5

Cells are made of molecules

Question 6

What is the tissue level?

Answer 6

tissues consist of similar cells

Question 7

What is the organ level?

Answer 7

organs are made up of different cells

Question 8

what is the organ system level?

Answer 8

Consist of 2 or more organs working together

Question 9

What is the organism level

Answer 9

Human organism is made up of many organisms

Question 10

what is the integumentary system

Answer 10

• Forms the external body covering i.e skin
• Skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair & nails
• protects deep tissues from injury
• synthesises vitamin D

Question 11

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

Answer 11

Protection as chemical barrier, physical barrier and biological barrier

Question 12

how is the integumentary system a chemical barrier?

Answer 12

• skin has a lower pH and cooler temperature to the body which stops bacterial growth
• melanin protects against UV damage

Question 13

How is the integumentary system a physical barrier?

Answer 13

• skin continuity provides a tighter barrier, prevents loss of water and water soluble products

Question 14

How is the integumentary system a biological barrier?

Answer 14

-Langerhans’ cells (white blood cells) of epidermis act as first line of defence against bacteria

Question 15

What are the two distinct regions of skin?

Answer 15

Epidermis

Dermis

Question 16

what is the epidermis?

Answer 16

is the outer surface coat of epithelial cells

Question 17

what is the dermis?

Answer 17

is the deeper connective tissue layer making up the bulk of skin

Question 18

How does the epidermis gain nutrients?

Answer 18

through diffusion

Question 19

what are the 2 layers of the dermis

Answer 19

papillary layer (superficial) 
reticular layer (deep)

Question 20

How is the skin attached?

Answer 20

it’s attached by undulating borderline and rests on the subcutaneous tissues called the hypodermis

Question 21

What cells are in the epidermis

Answer 21

the epidermis is keratinised stratified squamous epithelium and consists of four cells keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans’s cells, Merkel cells

Question 22

what are keratinocytes?

Answer 22

• most common cell in epidermis
• produce keratin: a protect fibrous protein
• at the surface become dry & scaly

Question 23

what are melanocytes

Answer 23

• produce melanin
• specialised epithelial cells synthesise the pigment melanin
• found in deepest layer of epidermis
• melanin is created and transported to the keratinocytes
• melanin protects against UV light

Question 24

what are Langerhan’s cells?

Answer 24

• immune protection
• produced in the bone marrow and move to epidermis
  Phagocytes that help activate the immune system
• type of epidermal dendritic cells

Question 25

What are Merkel cells?

Answer 25

- essential for touch & sensation - small no. at epidermal -dermal junction - Associated with sensory nerve fibre and act as touch receptors (tactile cells)

Question 26

What causes the different skin colours?

Answer 26

Melanin, Carotene, Haemoglobin

Question 27

What is melanin?

Answer 27

- located in epidermis - freckles and moles are an accumulation of melanin - ranges in colour from black to reddish yellow - melanocytes are stimulated by sunlight to produce melanin

Question 28

What is carotene?

Answer 28

- yellow/orange pigment in the stratum corneum and hypodermis - most obvious in palms and soles

Question 29

What is haemoglobin?

Answer 29

- Oxygenation of haemoglobin contributes to pinkish colour in Caucasians

Question 30

what are the appendages of the skin?

Answer 30

Sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nails, hair, hair follicles

Question 31

what are sweat glands?

Answer 31

Sweat glands are all over the body except for lips, nipples and external genitalia

Question 32

what are the 2 types of sweat glands?

Answer 32

eccrine and apocrine

Question 33

what is the eccrine sweat gland?

Answer 33

produce sweat and are abundant on palms, soles, forehead

Question 34

what is the apocrine sweat glands?

Answer 34

are found in axillary/anogenital regions and secrete sweat mixed with fat and organic molecules - ducts empty into hair follicles - body odour occurs from bacteria on organic molecules secreted in sweat

Question 35

what are sebaceous glands

Answer 35

oil glands

Question 36

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

Answer 36

found all over the body except for soles and palms - secrete a substance called sebum - sebum softens and lubricates the skin, prevents brittle hair, reduces water loss, kills bacteria - sebum secretion is controlled by hormones - acne is due to bacterial infection and inflammation of these glands

Question 37

What is the musculoskeletal system made of?

Answer 37

Bone, Cartilage, ligaments

Question 38

what is the function of the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 38

- protect and support organs - provides framework for muscles - blood cell information - stores minerals - manipulation of environment, locomotion and facial expression - maintains posture - produces heat

Question 39

What is the lymphatic/ immune system?

Answer 39

- composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels

Question 40

what is the function of the lymphatic/immune system?

Answer 40

- picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood - disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream - houses the white blood cells involved in the immune response

Question 41

what is the Respiratory system

Answer 41

consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi & lungs

Question 42

what is the function of the respiratory system?

Answer 42

- supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide | - regulates acid-base balance

Question 43

What is the urinary system

Answer 43

composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

Question 44

what does the urinary system do

Answer 44

- eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body | - regulates water, electrolytes, pH of the blood

Question 45

what is homeostasis

Answer 45

- the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever changing outside world - internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium - chemical, thermal, neural and hormonal factors interact to maintain homeostasis

Question 46

Negative Feedback

Answer 46

- the output decreases the original stimulus

Question 47

What is an example of negative feedback

Answer 47

Blood sugar regulation (insulin lowers blood glucose when levels are high and glycogen raises blood glucose when levels are low)

Question 48

Positive Feedback

Answer 48

output increase or exaggerates the original stimulus e.g. regulation of blood clotting

Question 49

What is homeostatic imbalance?

Answer 49

Disturbance of homeostasis or the body's normal equilibrium