WEEK 1

Question 1

3 Cell theory Principles

Answer 1

All organisms are composed of one or more cells
Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms
Cells arise by division of a previously existing cell

Question 2

Microscopy 3 Parameters

Answer 2

• Magnification
• Resolution
• Contrast

Question 3

Types of microscopy and uses

Answer 3

Light microscopy

Electron Microscopy (TEM) and (SEM)
SEM - for surface of dead cells - need conductive metal coat - measure scattered electrons

TEM - flash frozen - electrons passed through sample - transmitted electrons detected

Question 4

3 Domains and types of of organism in each

Answer 4

Eukarya
- plants, animals, fungi and protists

-bacteria

Archaea

• extreme environments - hot
• more recent common ancestor with eukarya

Question 5

Eukaryotic traits

Answer 5

- linear chromosomes
nucleus 
organelles
large
can be multicellular

Question 6

prokaryotic traits

Answer 6

circular chromosomes
no nucleus
transcription and translation in cytoplasm
unicellular
small
no organelles

Question 7

virus traits

Answer 7

not cells
dna or rna coated in protein shell
not cells
not considered living

Question 8

Nucleus functions

Answer 8

ribosome production
storage of dna
site of transcription
dna replication site
mRNA processing

Question 9

chromosomes in humans and how they’re packed

Answer 9

humans - 46
dna wrapped around histone proteins - chromatin
dna coiled and super coiled

Question 10

nuclear envelope

Answer 10

double lipid bilayer

nuclear pores penetrating through

Question 11

nuclear pore

Answer 11

complex of proteins (ring shaped)
selective passage of RNA and proteins (polymerases)
highly conserved through eukaryotic evolution

Question 12

Bacteria DNA

Answer 12

circular
no nucleus but DNA located in nucleoid
no histones but topoisomerases
transcription and translation occur in cytoplasm
plasmids - dna segments exchanged between bacteria

Question 13

Endomembrane System what is it and what are the organelles involved

Answer 13

systems of cell that exchange material directly or via vesicular transport

nuclear membrane
ER
Golgi
Vesicles, Endosomes, Vacuoles
Lysosomes 
Plasma membrane

Question 14

Functions of the Endomembrane System

Answer 14

material trafficking
lipid synthesis
protein production & modification
specific chemical reactions
molecule storage

Question 15

Material trafficking types and how they work

Answer 15

Post translational translocation

• after protein is finished being translated in cytoplasm
• signal peptide finds receptor in membrane (nucleus mitochondria or plastids - for non endomembrane system) and is allowed through

Co-translational Translocation
- protein initially translated
- protein-ribosome complex binds to membrane together
- protein translocated while translated across membrane while bound to membrane
for ER, golgi, lysosomes or secreted

Question 16

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 16

Smooth

• lipid synthesis
• detoxicifacation of drugs and poisons
• Ca2+ storage
• carb metabolism

Rough

• Ribosome synthesis
• membrane lipid synthesis
• protein modification (glycoproteins)
• send proteins to golgi for vesicular transport and secretion

Question 17

Protein Trafficking Roadmap

Answer 17

cytoplasm –> ER –> Golgi –> vesicular transport –> membrane –> secreted (cell surface)

Question 18

vesicles

Answer 18

bubbles of lipids for transporting
bud off
can contain stuff in lipid bilayer to add into the plasma membrane or inside cytoplasm (middle) for secretion out of cell

Question 19

golgi apparatus

Answer 19

exo and endocytosis organelle
protein modification
carbohydrate manufactoring
folds - cisternae 
cis side - entrance
trans - leave

Question 20

two types of vesicular transport

Answer 20

Vesicular transport model

• vesicles bud off trans end carrying molecules to organelles
• golgi remains static
• seperate forward and reverse vesicles

Cisternal maturation model
- individual cisternae mature transporting material with them (trans end joins into plasma membrane)

Question 21

endo and exocytosis

Answer 21

exocytosis

• buds off and joins onto plasma membrane
• materials delivered outside cell
• membrane proteins delivered to membrane
• lipids to plasma membrane

endocytosis

• vesicle recovery back into golgi
• retrieve solutes and nutrients
• lipids and membrane proteins from plasma membrane
• phagocytosis
• pinocytosis
• receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 22

phagocytosis via lysosomes

Answer 22

• pH specific compartment containing proteases, nucleases, lipidases and glycosidases

Question 23

pinocytosis

Answer 23

ingestion of liquid droplets containing nutrients

Question 24

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 24

specific receptors bind to targets and collapse once full - budding off into the cell