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DENTFN 510 Fall 21 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Collagen Biosynthesis Disorder Type 1 Diseases?

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Ehlers-Danlos

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2
Q

What can Osteogenesis Imperfecta lead to?

A

Dentinogenesis Imperfecta Type 1

Discolored and broken down enamel and structure.

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3
Q

Collagen Biosynthesis Disorder Type II Diseases?

A

Skeletal Displasia, vitreous abnormalities, hearing impairment

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4
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta symptoms?

A

Curved long bones that are weak leading to deformed body

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5
Q

What type of collagen is needed to endochondral/long bone ossification and what results in the body?

A

Type II- Short bones/dwarfism, underdeveloped jaw, cleft palates, Pierre robin sequence, stickler syndrome, retina detachment and blindness

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6
Q

Collagen Biosynthesis Disorder Type III Diseases?

A

Keloid formation and Elher Danlos type IV

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7
Q

Collagen Biosynthesis Disorder Type IV Diseases?

A

Goodpasture Syndrome aka producing antibodies against collagen in lungs and kidneys

Alport Syndrome
Loss of kidney function and hearing

Epidermolysis Bullosa- fragile and blistering skin

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8
Q

Tissue that collagen type I is found in?

A

Bone skin and tendons

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9
Q

Tissues that collagen type II is found in?

A

Cartilage and vitreous humor

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10
Q

Tissues that collagen type III is found in?

A

Blood vessels and granulation tissue

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11
Q

Tissues that collagen type IV is found in?

A

Basement membranes

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12
Q

How does Vit C affect collagen?

A

Needed for the for the hydroxylation of procollagen side chains. Deficiency of vit c results in insufficient hydroxyproline and no cross linking of of collagen fibrils = scurvy

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13
Q

Symptoms of scurvy?

A

Gingival swelling, rash/mucocutaneous petechiae, poor wound healing, peri follicular papules, edema of lower limbs
Bleeding into joint cavities/hemarthrosis
Brittle bones

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14
Q

Elastin?

A

Connective tissue in lungs skin ligaments and arteries

No hydroxylysine making it more elastic

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15
Q

What is alpha antitrypsin?

A

It inhibits elastase that breaks down elastin

When elastin is broken down lungs are less elastic/emphysema

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16
Q

What are plasma proteins?

A

Made in liver and balance pH

More later

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17
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A 
In red blood cells only
Carries oxygen
4 hemes 
Hb binds CO2 in blood
Sickle cell anemia is mutation in it
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18
Q

Myoglobin details

A

In heart and skeletal muscles
1 heme
Stores O2
Carrier of O2

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19
Q

Pneumonic to memorize essential amino acids?

A

PVT TIM HALL

Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine

Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine

Histidine
Arginine (only during growth/positive nitrogen balance)
Leucine
Lysine

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20
Q

5 physiologically relevant proteins?

A

Collagen, elastin, plasma proteins, hemoglobin, myoglobin

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21
Q

What are inhibitors of prokaryotic protein synthesis?

A 
Streptomycin 
Erythromycin 
Clindamycin
Tetracycline 
Chloramphenicol
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22
Q

What are inhibitors of eukaryote protein synthesis

A

Cycloheximide
Diphtheria toxin
Pseudomonas toxin

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23
Q

What happens when a baby if given to much chloramphenicol?

A

Grey baby syndrome
They don’t have an enzyme to metabolize excess
Blue lips and ashen grey skin

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24
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosum

A

Defective nucleotide excision repair
Can’t fix DNA damage from sun
Burns tumors photophobia in eyes with pink eye

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25
What is a disease caused from a defect in mismatch repair?
Lynch syndrome | Colorectal cancer endometrial cancer
26
Does RNA polymerase proofread?
No!
27
Holoenzyme
Whole enzyme complex with cofactors
28
Catalytic site?
Where the enzyme bonds to protein to go through a conformational change to lower activation energy of protein
29
Coenzyme?
Non protein cofactor of vitamins
30
Cofactors?
Non proteins metal ions need to activate the enzyme
31
What factors affect kinetic properties of enzymes?
Substrate concentration Temp Enzyme concentration pH First 3 if increased increase reaction rate
32
Km and how to recognize it on MM equation plot?
Km= affinity of an enzyme for its substrate Higher number = less affinity Km is 1/2 of Vmax on MM chart
33
What is the Lineweaver Burke plot?
Reciprocal form of MM equation plot. Easier to spot a Vmax where line crosses y axis
34
Allosteric enzyme?
Enzymes with a separate binding site for an effector which when binds causes the active site to either open or close either a repressor or activator
35
Does an allosteric enzyme change Vmax and Km?
Yes they don’t follow MM equation
36
3 types of enzyme inhibition?
Competitive Uncompetitive Non competitive
37
Competitive inhibitors?
Bind at substrate site | Reversed by increasing substrate
38
Uncompetitive?
Binds at different site but ONLY to ES complexity Can’t be reversed by increasing substrate
39
Noncompetitive?
Binds at different site to enzyme alone OR ES complex Can’t be reversed by increasing substrate
40
What inhibition increases Km but Vmax stays the same?
Competitive
41
What inhibitor reduces Vmax but Km stays the same?
Noncompetitive
42
When does Km change?
Goes up with competitive inhibitor
43
When does Vmax change?
Goes down in presence of noncompetitive inhibitors
44
List some enzyme inhibitor drugs?
Statins, Beta lactams, Allopurinol, ACE inhibitors, aspirin
45
What happens to Lineweaver Burk plot in noncompetitive inhibitors?
Steeper slope is decreased Vmax ie 1/Vnaught increases
46
What happens to Lineweaver Burk plot in competitive inhibitors?
Same y-axis crossing with steeper slope which shows increased Km
47
What is salivary amylase?
Made in parotid- sensitive to radiation, can be detected in blood but serum amylase is made by both salivary glands and exocrine pancreas Elevated levels mean acute pancreatitis Amylase up with out lipase can mean stress or salivary gland inflammation
48
ALT/AST
Alanine Aspartate aminotransferases Used in glycolysis Plasma membrane damage and protein leakage increase levels Testing monitors liver injury and disease
49
CPK?
Creatine Phosphokinase Found in heart brain and skeletal muscles, leaks into blood when muscle tissue is damaged Elevated levels indicate heart or muscle damage heart attack Also high in lupus patients (joint pain and rash) shows muscle inflammation Exercise and Statins increase it too
50
GALT?
Galactose-1-phosphate Uridyltransferase Can’t metabolize galactose found in breast milk or dairy Build up damages liver brain kidneys and eyes can cause them to vomit Good to test newborns for
51
What are the key cells in chronic inflammation?
Macrophages
52
What do macrophages do to regulate chronic inflammation and immune response?
1. Phagocytosis | 2. Present antigens to T cells so B can make antibodies
53
What is the most prominent cell type in acute inflammation?
Neutrophils
54
Triple response of Lewis?
Constriction Dilation Edema/Swelling
55
What is a granuloma?
Large area of foreign bodies that macrophages have walled off from body. Outer layer- macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma other inflammation molecules Middle more macrophages aka lots Center- necrosis
56
What is the most prominent cell type in acute inflammation?
Neutrophils
57
What do macrophages do to regulate chronic inflammation and immune response?
1. Phagocytosis | 2. Present antigens to T cells so B can make antibodies
58
What are the key cells in chronic inflammation?
Macrophages
59
What is a granuloma?
Large area of foreign bodies that macrophages have walled off from body. Outer layer- lymphocytes, plasma other inflammation molecules
60
5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
``` Redness Heat Pain Swelling Loss of function ```

DENTFN 510 Fall 21 (5 decks)

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