week 1 Flashcards
(30 cards)
define cellular respiration
breakdown of organic matter to produce ATP
energy conversion define
sufficient supply is required for the aerobic respiratory to convert to stored energy
reason for respiratory system
large organisms are too big for gas exchange by diffusion across outer surface (unlike single cell organisms)
6 methods of respiration
- sponges & jellyfish = take in gases directly from surrounding water
- annelids = outer surface for gas exchange
- fish = use gills = O transferred from water to blood
- terrestrial vertebrates = internal lungs, movement of air adjacent to blood vessels
- tracheal systems = tubes
- lungs
what is the oxygen cascade
gases & fluids move down a pressure gradient
what is dalton’s law
sum of the individual pressures that make up a mixture if gases is the total pressure of that mixture of gases
partial pressure
the pressure of an individual gas
key function of partial pressure in exchange
oxygen has a higher partial pressure in the lungs = travel down gradient into capillaries and the reverse for carbon dioxide
bulk diffusion compared to regular diffusion
bulk is the movement of the air mixture/fluid as a whole whereas diffusion is partial gas movement
open circulatory system & example
open = requires diffusion through other body compartments
contracts - haemolymph pumped through arteries by a single tube in the heart into sinuses surrounding internal organs
relaxes - blood drawn back towards heart through open-ended pores = ostia
EXAMPLE : spiders
define haemolymph
contains hemocyanin = a respiratory protein containing 2 copper atoms, tinting faint blue colour
closed circulatory system & example
= interconnecting system of vessels
EXAMPLE : earthworm
incomplete septum define
= when the heart contracts the septum mostly closes separating the left and right ventricles meaning deoxygenated blood goes entirely to the lungs and oxygenated blood goes to aorta
complete septum define
= 2 aortas lead out of the right & left heart
= they anastomosed below heart = mix oxygenated & deoxygenated blood = cold blooded
importance of incomplete septum
= no mixing ensures the partial pressure of O in the systemic vasculature is as high as the lungs can provide = increases the partial pressure difference between arterial blood and cells
3 types of hearts & animal example
- 3-chambered
= 2 top seperate chambers and a mixed below
= amphibians
- 3-chambered (septated)
= looks like four chambers but all connected
= turtles
- 4-chambered
= two halves seperated, seperate O & deoxy
types of ventricular septal defects x4
- concoventricular ventricle septal defect = hole below the pulmonary aortic valves
- perimembranous = hole in the upper section of ventricular septum
- inlet = hole in the septum where the blood enters the ventricles through the tricuspid & mitral valves
- muscular = hole in the lower muscular part of the ventricular septum = most common
define cardiovascular regulation
changes in radius of vessels to modulate resistance, to alter pressure & blood flow
pressure (Pa) =
perpendicular force (N) over area (m^2)
viscosity
measure of fluids resistance to flow & deformation by stress due to internal friction
= dependent upon temperature, but independent of pressure
flow equation
= pressure difference divided by resistance to flow
what is asthma
inflammatory condition which narrows primarily the bronchi and bronchioles = airflow decreases because of increased resistance
define vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular walls of the vessels
define vasodilation
dilation of blood vessels, decreasing pressure
