Week 1

Question 1

Which prostaglandin can induce fever?

Answer 1

PGE2

Question 2

What can leukotriene molecules do?

Answer 2

Vasoconstriction
Increase vascular permeability
Bronchospasm

Question 3

What is the difference between lipoxegnase and prostaglandins

Answer 3

Prostaglandins are present in all cells while lipoxegenase is present in lungs , platelets and muscles

Question 4

What is Oral Ulceration?

Answer 4

Break in the oral epithelium, exposing nerve endings in the underlying connective tissue.

Question 5

What is stomatitis ?

Answer 5

Inflammation of the lining of any soft-tissues of mouth.

Question 6

What is Leukoplakia?

Answer 6

painless white patches on the side of the tongue or cheeks

Question 7

What is Dysphagia?

Answer 7

Difficulty swallowing

Question 8

What is the function of UOS?

Answer 8

prevents air entering oesophagus and oesophagopharyngeal reflux

Question 9

What is the function of LOS?

Answer 9

events gastroesophageal reflux. High intraluminal pressure keeps it closed until food needs to be dumped into the stomach

Question 10

How does GORD occur?

Answer 10

When the LOS loses its tone it allows the stomach contents to reflux back into the oesophagus causing heartburn and pain.

Question 11

What is the pathogenesis of GORD?

Answer 11

Obesity
Medication
Spicy or acidic or fatty food
Smoking

Question 12

What are the 4 motility disorders?

Answer 12

Achalasia
Diffuse oesophageal spasm
Hypercontraction
Ineffective oesophageal motility

Question 13

What is hiatal hernia ?

Answer 13

Protrusion of part of the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm

Question 14

What are the three main regions of the stomach?

Answer 14

Fundus , Caudad , Pylorus

Question 15

What is inflammation?

Answer 15

A protective response designed to rid the organism of the causes of cell injury

Question 16

What are the clinical features of inflammation?

Answer 16

Rubor (Redness)
tumor (swelling)
Calor (heat)
Dolor (pain)
Functio laesa (loss of function)

Question 17

What is acute inflammation?

Answer 17

A rapid host response that serves to deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins to the site of infection or tissue injury to help repair tissue.

Question 18

What are the 3 steps of acute inflammation?

Answer 18

1. Vasodilation: alteration of vascular calibre leading to an increase in blood flow
2. Increased vascular permeability: permits plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave circulation (edema)
3. Leukocyte immigration: from the microcirculation and their accumulation in the site of injury and their activation to eliminate the cause of injury.

Question 19

what are the stimuli for acute inflammation?

Answer 19

1. infections
2. Tissue necrosis
3. Foreign bodies
4. Immune reactions

Question 20

name the 6 steps of inflammation?

Answer 20

1. vasodilation
2. Increased blood flow
3. Increased permeability of the microvasculature
4. Increased viscosity of the blood
5. Stasis
6. Neutrophils accumulation

Question 21

What cells are in the acid secreting oxyntic gland area?

Answer 21

1. Mucous cells
2. Chief cells
3. ECL EnteroChromaffin-Like
4. Parietal cells

Question 22

What cells are in the pyloric gland area?

Answer 22

1. Mucous cells
2. G cells
3. D cells

Question 23

What do parietal cells secrete and what is the stimulus for the release?

Answer 23

Gastric Acid and intrinsic factor

Acetylcholine, gastrin , histamine

Question 24

What do parietal cells secrete?

Answer 24

Secrete 1-2L of 150-160mM HCl per day (pH 0.8-1)