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Oral Microbiology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition and difference between microbiome and microbiota.

A

microbiome: a multi-species system where organism live together in a contiguous environment
microbiota: the microorganisms in the microbiome

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2
Q

definition and characteristics of isolate

A

A population of microbial cells in pure culture derived from a single colony on an isolation plate and identified to the species level.

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3
Q

definitions and characteristics of strain

A

An isolate or group of isolates exhibiting phenotypic and/or genotypic traits belonging to the same lineage, distinct from those of other isolates of the same species.

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4
Q

definition and characteristics of clones

A

An isolate or group of isolates descending from a common precursor strain by nonsexual reproduction exhibiting phenotypic and/or genotypic traits characterized by a strain-typing method to belong to the same group

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5
Q

Definition of species with respect to 16S sequence identity

A

Typical cut off is 97% Identity in 16S = belong to same species

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6
Q

taxonomic levels of Firmicutes Streptococcus mutans UA159

  • Kingdom:
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
  • strain
A
  • Kingdom: bacteria
  • phylum: firmicutes
  • class: bacilli
  • order: lactobacillales
  • family: streptococcaceae
  • genus: streptococcus
  • species: mutans
  • strain: UA159
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7
Q

Definition of dysbiosis

A

shift from healthy homeostasis to disease state

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8
Q

what makes oral diseases so complicated?

A

1) Polymicrobial diseases (not a single lone etiological agent)

-Even periopathogens can be detected in healthy subjects

- Can have Caries without Streptococcus mutans present

2) Everyone Harbors Variations in Their Microbial Composition

-Same disease but do not carry the same bacterial species

-Species can be same in two oral samples but also in different amounts.

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9
Q

central dogma

A

DNA–> mRNA –> Protein –> metabolites

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10
Q

which omic technique is used to investigate DNA?

A

genomics

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11
Q

which omic technique is used to investigate mRNA?

A

transcriptomics

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12
Q

which omic technique is used to investigate protein?

A

proteomics

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13
Q

which omic technique is used to investigate metabolites?

A

metabolomics

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14
Q

Limitations of 16S rRNA gene sequencing (identifies and places an organism in relation to other known groups) with respect to virulence

A

does not tell you what genes the bacteria has (ex: antibiotic resistance or toxin producing?)

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15
Q

definition of genome

A

total genetic complement of an organism

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16
Q

role of mutation in bacterial genetics

A

mutations can greatly impact virulence factors

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17
Q

3 modes of acquisition or transferring of genes in bacteria

A

transformation: donor cell releases DNA into the recipient cell
transduction: phage from infected donor cell releases DNA into the recipient cell
conjugation: donor cell connects to recipient cell and releases plasmid

18
Q

Dentition of annotation with respect to bacterial genetics and the first 2 steps

this process tells us?

A

annotation: the process of attaching biological information to sequences. It consists of three main steps:

1) identifying elements on the sequence, a process called gene prediction

2) Assigning biological information to these predicted genes.

-does the gene look like something that has been seen before (homology based prediction)

tells us what species are present and the genes (functions)

19
Q

3 mechanisms that can result in the alteration of a gene and the outcome from this type of mutation

A

deletion: loss of function
duplication: additional copy of a gene
shuffling: change of position on a chromosome

–> Above events may lead to increase or decrease gene expression (upregulation/downregulation)

20
Q

what is the Ecological Plaque Hypothesis?

A

shifts in the amounts of organisms can lead to the development of disease

these population shifts can be caused by a change in environemntal conditions (like diet or immune status)

21
Q

reporting methods:

__________ by taxonomic classification

________ indices

cluster analyses of species comparisons (___________)

statistical ________ between subjects/samples/populations

A

abundances

diversity

sample comparisons

methods to determine differences

22
Q

Each site in the oral cavity contains different proportions of ________ with lots of overlap

A

genera

23
Q

taxonomic classification largest to smallest and acronym

A

Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

24
Q

consequences of bacteria evolving to bind to a partner species (4)

A

mutually beneficial

parasitic

antagonistic

virulence changes (dentirmental to human host)

25
Q

define metaomics

how many species at once?

A

Characterization of all the genes/mRNA/proteins/metabolites present in biological systems

100-1000s of species at once

26
Q

Why is Species identification using 16S rRNA not enough?

A

1) Identical 16S rRNA gene does not necessarily mean same virulence genes and functions in the genome
2) A single genetic marker is typically not enough to truly delineate strains or clones that have different virulence

27
Q

streptococcus diseases

A

caries

28
Q

lactobacillus diseases

A

caries

29
Q

actinomyces diseases

A

caries

gingivitis

30
Q

fusobacterium diseases

A

gingivitis

pulpitis

halitosis

31
Q

bacteroides diseases

A

gingivities

32
Q

prevotella diseases

A

gingivitis

periodontitis

implantitis

halitosis

33
Q

aggregatibacter diseases

A

periodontitis

34
Q

porphyromonas diseases

A

periodontitis

implantitis

pulpitis halitosis

35
Q

treponema diseases

A

periodontitis

halitosis

36
Q

tannerella diseases

A

periodontitis

37
Q

pseudomonas diseases

A

implantitis

38
Q

dialister dieases

A

pulpitis

39
Q

peptostreptococcus diseases

A

pulpitis

40
Q

eubacterium diseases

A

halitosis

41
Q

what are the 2 major pathways oral bacteria produce NH3+?

A

Urease: urea –> urease –> NH3+

Arginine Deiminase: arginine –> arginine deiminase system –> NH3+

Oral Microbiology (3 decks)

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