Week 1 Flashcards by Naomi Ioschikhes

What makes up the digestive system and what is its function

Composed of the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
Processes food and absorbs organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water

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What is microscopic anatomy and what are two examples of it

Study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices
Micro = small
Example 1: Cytology = study of cells
Example 2: histology = study of tissues

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What is physiology and what does it centre around?

Physiology focuses on function, and centers on the body’s tendency toward homeostasis.

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what is homeostasis and is it static (consistent)

Homeostasis = the state of steady/stable internal conditions maintained by living things
Not static, the human body is dynamic.

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what is the nervous system made up of and what is its function

Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
Responds or reacts to changes (stimuli) in the internal environment
Coordinates activities of other organ systems.
Responds to feedback

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How does the body maintain homeostasis?

Through feedback, negative or positive

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what is the muscular system made of and what’s its function

Composed of muscles and tendons
Moves and supports body = keeps you upright
Produces heat (when body shives, that is muscles contracting to keep you warmer)

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what are the six fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity in the human body?

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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what is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism

The cell

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what is tissue made of

Group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function

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what is organ made of

Anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types

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what is organ system made of

Group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiology needs of the body

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what is the integumentary system made of and what is its function

Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
Protects the body from environmental hazards
Controls body temperature (i.e. sweat)

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what makes up the cardiovascular system and what is its role

Composed of the heart and blood vessels
Transports cells and dissolved materials through the blood, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

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What is the skeletal system made up of and what is its function

Composed of bone, joints, cartilage, and ligaments.
Supports and protects soft tissue - keeps you upright
Provides muscle attachment for movement.
Site of blood cell formation.
Stores minerals.

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What makes up the lympathic system and what’s its role

Composed of bone marrow, thymus, tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Defends against infection and disease
Regulates tissue fluids

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what makes up the respiratory system and what is its function

Composed of the nasal cavity / passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between air and blood

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what makes up the endocrine system and what is its function

Contains many endocrine glands, i.e. pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes
All these glands secrete hormones which regulate body function: growth, reproduction, and metabolism

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What is gross anatomy

Study of larger structures of the body
Those visible without the aid of magnification

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what makes up the urinary system and what is its function

Composed of kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, and urethra
Eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products
Controls the pH of your blood (will learn more about this later on)

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what makes up the reproductive system and what is its function

Female system composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Male system composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
Produces sex cells and hormones
Growth during puberty

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What are the two processes of metabolism and do they occur simultaneously

Anabolism and catabolism and they occur simultaneously
Anabolism: add
Catabolism: cut

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what is anabolism

Process whereby smaller, simple molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances

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what is catabolism

Process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules
Releases energy
Complex molecules found in foods are broken down so the body can use their parts to assemble the structure and substances needed for life

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Where does the cell store energy

In the synthesis (anabolism) of ATP

What is done to the ATP to allow cellular functions to occur

Catabolism (broken down)

What is differentiation of cells

Unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function

What is hyperplasia

Increasing the number of existing cells, which increases the size of the body

what is hypertrophy

Increasing the size of existing cells, which increases the size of the body

what are the three ways the body grows

Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells (such as mineral deposits in the bone)

What are the 3 changes the body goes through in life

Differentiation, growth, and renewal

what is renewal in terms of development of the body

Formation of new cells for growth, repair or replacement

what are the 4 requirements of human life

1) oxygen 2) nutrients 3) narrow range of temperatures 4) narrow range of atmospheric pressures

Why is oxygen needed for human life

It’s needed to make ATP

Why is narrow range of atmospheric temperatures important for human life

Can cause shortness of breath, confusion, headache, lethargy and nausea if you are at the wrong atmospheric pressure

What is the normal range of temperature in the human body

37’C

What is negative feedback loop

It is when a stimulus - a deviation from a set point - is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis

What are the 4 parts of a feedback loop and which type from the two is the most common in the body

1) stimulus 2) sensor 3) control (integrative centre) 4) effector Negative one is most common

Use the 4 parts of the negative feedback loop to explain how after exercise, your body will return you to homeostasis

Stimulus: you exercise, which increases temperature in your core Sensor: your skin is the sensor that sends a signal to your brain that you are getting hot Control: the control is your brain, which receives the signal and sends the signal to the effector: your sweat glands Effector: your sweat glands are the effector, and they produce sweat, which cools your body down

What is a positive feedback loop

It increases (exacerbates) the initial stimulus, rather than returning body to homeostasis

Use the 4 parts of a positive feedback loop to explain the birth of a baby

Stimulus: the stretch on the cervix by the baby Sensor: the receptors in the cervix sense they are being stretched Control: they send a message to the brain (control). The brain then produces oxytocin, which is released into your bloodstream. Effector: the oxytocin tells the cervix muscle to contract (effector). This pushes the baby out.

What view of the anatomical position is this

Anterior view / supine position / ventral

What view of the anatomical position is this

Posterior view / dorsal / prone position

What does hyper mean at the beginning of a word

Increase in

what does hypo mean at the beginning of a word

Decrease in

what does epi mean at the beginning of a word

what does endo mean in the beginning of a word

Inside

What does cranial mean

Closer to the brain

What does caudal mean?

Closer to the tailbone

what does medial mean

Closer to the midline

What does lateral mean

Farther away from the midline

What does proximal mean

Closer to a structure

what does distal mean

Farther away from a structure

What is the sagittal plane

Divides left and right

What is frontal / coronal plane

Divides front and back

What is transverse plane

Divides top and bottom

What sub-cavities are in the ventral cavity and what are in them

Thoracic cavity - where your ribs are Abdominopelvic cavity - contains the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity

What sub-cavities are in the dorsal cavity

Cranial and spinal cavities

What does the serous membrane of the anterior / ventral body cavity do

1) surrounds your organs (heart) 2) produces fluid (lubrication) 3) protects the organ (keeps it from overheating by lubricating it)

Which cavity does the serous membrane line

The pericardial cavity and reflects back to cover the heart - much the same way that an under-inflated balloon would form two layers surrounding a fist

Week 1 Flashcards

(60 cards)