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Anatomy 1 - MD > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

organization of human body as major parts / segments

divided into:

  • main body
  • layers
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2
Q

Regional Anatomy: Main Body

A

head, neck, trunk (subdivided into thorax, abdomen, pelvis), paired with upper and lower limbs

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3
Q

Regional Anatomy: Layers

A

skin, subcutaneous tissue, deep fascia covering the deeper structures of muscles, skeleton, cavities (viscera - internal organs)

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4
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

what lies under the skin and what structures are perceptible to touch (palpable)

-what physical examinations are based off of

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5
Q

Prosections

A

prepared dissections for demonstration of anatomical structures

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6
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

they study of the body’s organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions

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7
Q

Systemic Anatomy: MURDER SANIC

A
  • Muscular
  • Urinary
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Endocrine
  • Reproductive
  • Skeletal
  • Articular
  • Nervous
  • Integumentary
  • Circulatory
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8
Q

Clinical Anatomy

A

emphasizes bodily structure and function (clinical application)

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9
Q

Anatomical Position

A

head, gaze and toes directed anteriorly

arms adjacent to sides with palms facing anteriorly

lower limbs close together with feet parallel

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10
Q

Median Plane

A

split into left and right halves

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11
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

parallel to median plane

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12
Q

Frontal / Coronal Plane

A

split into front and back halves

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13
Q

Transverse Plane

A

split into upper + lower / top + bottom halves

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14
Q

Longitudinal Sections

A

frontal cut showing one area / group

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15
Q

Transverse Section

A

transverse cross section with multiple groups/areas visible

→ more visualization for crush injuries

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16
Q

Oblique Section

A

transverse cut at an angle

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17
Q

Superficial

A

near surface

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18
Q

Intermediate

A

between superficial and deep

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19
Q

Deep

A

farther from the surface

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20
Q

Medial

A

near median plane

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21
Q

Lateral

A

farther from median plane

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22
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

nearer to back

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23
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

nearer to head

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24
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

nearer to feet

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25
Anterior (ventral)
nearer to front
26
Distal
farther from trunk or point of origin
27
Proximal
nearer to trunk or point of origin
28
Inferomedial
nearer to feet and closer to median plane ex. anterior part of ribs
29
Bilateral
both sides ex. kidneys
30
Unilateral
one side ex. spleen
31
Ipsilateral
same side
32
Superolateral
nearer to head and farther from median plane
33
Contralateral
opposite side
34
Flexion
bending / decreasing angle
35
Extension
straightening / increasing angle
36
Dorsiflexion
ankle joint lifting front of foot and toes off ground
37
Plantarflexion
bends foot and toes towards ground
38
Hyperextension
overextension (may cause injury)
39
Abduction
moving away from the median plane
40
Adduction
moving towards the median plane
41
Lateral flexion
bending abduction of neck and trunk
42
Circumduction
circular motion involving flexion, abduction, extension and adduction ex. shoulder and hip joints
43
Rotation
turning or revolving body part along longitudinal axis
44
Medial Rotation (internal)
anterior surface of limb closer to median plane
45
Lateral Rotation (external)
anterior surface of limb away from median plane
46
Pronation
medial rotation of palm so its dorsum faces anteriorly
47
Supination
lateral rotation (anatomical position)
48
Eversion
moving sole of foot away from median plane
49
Inversion
moving sole of foot toward median plane
50
Opposition
1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit ex. pinch, buttoning a shirt
51
Reposition
moving digits back to anatomical position
52
Protrusion
anteriorly moving forward ex. chin, lips, tongue moving forward
53
Retrusion
posterior movement of protrusion
54
Elevation
moving part superiorly ex. shrugging shoulders
55
Depression
moving part inferiorly
56
Epidermis Function
protective outer surface against dehydration, injury, UV rays, pathogens
57
Integumentary System Function
**-skin protecting body from outer environment** against fluid loss, abrasions, harmful substances, UV radiation, microorganisms **-thermal regulation** → sweat glands release fluid to cool body -**sensation** → sensory receptors (cold, pain, pressure, etc) **-synthesis and storage of vitamin D:** cholesterol →(sunlight)→ vitamin D ; decalciferase synthesizes vitamin D (without enzyme = kidney stones → need Vitamin D3) → no sunlight = no vitamin D → lower calcium levels = fractures
58
Epidermis Characteristics
- stratified squamous epithelium - no blood vessels or lymphatics - produces skin tone - has keratinocytes for structural support
59
Layers of Epidermis: **C**UTE **L**UCY **G**OES **S**AIL **B**OATING
- Stratum Corenum - Stratum Lucidum - Stratum Granulosum - Stratum Spinosum - Stratum Basale
60
Epidermis Layer: **Stratum Corneum**
superficial layer - structural integrity - hydration / water absorption - where new cells appear after forming - corneo cells / horny cells
61
Epidermis Layer: **Stratum Lucidum**
only present in thick pads of palms and soles to reduce friction
62
Epidermis Layer: **Stratum Granulosum**
- rigid layer - high amounts of keratin - active and protective layer
63
Epidermis Layer: **Stratum Spinosum**
- makes keratin (water resistant characteristic of skin) - prickle/squamous cells - 5-10 cells thick
64
Epidermis Layer: **Stratum Basale**
- deepest layer of epidermis - one row of basal cells - constantly dividing and pushing old cells to the surface → die/shed and make room for new cells - contain melanocytes (skin color)
65
Dermis Characteristics
- vascularized and leathery - dense layer of collagen and elastic fibers (tightly woven matrix) - attributes to strength and toughness of the skin → loose matrix (genetics) = more likely to experience tears, sprains, overextend injuries - tension lines - arrector pili - sweat glands - arterioles
66
Dermis: **Tension Lines**
made of elastic fibers (parallel to flexion)
67
Dermis: **Arrector Pili Muscles**
hair muscles - attribute goosebumps - secrete oil onto the skin's surface
68
Dermis: **Sweat Glands**
thermoregulatory mechanism for cooling
69
Dermis: **Arterioles**
dilate to fill capillary beds to radiate heat or constrict to minimize heat loss
70
Dermis: **Papillary Layer**
superficial layer - vascularized loose connective tissue - fibroblasts, fat cells, nerve fibers, blood vessels
71
Dermis: **Reticular Layer**
deep layer - thick (bulk of dermis) - blood vessels, glands, hair follicles, lymphatics, nerves, fat cells
72
Dermis Function
- skin support - thermoregulation (dermal vessels regulate body temp) - sweat production (sweat glands for temp. regulation) - sensation (nerve endings) - sebaceous glands (oily lubricant - sebum) - hair production
73
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS)
**genetic defect in collagen harming ability to support muscles and organs** - increased elasticity of skin appearance - hypermobility (bruising, loss of stability of structure, strains, sprains) - must avoid heavy lifting and contact sports → resistance exercise instead - more prone to fractures due to weak collagen in joints - **subtypes**: scoliosis, ruptured arteries/organs, heart/vascular issues, weak/brittle bones
74
Marfan Syndrome
**abnormal connective tissue also affecting body systems** **-gene defect**: fibrillin-1 or FBN-1 **-physical appearance**: long narrow face, tall/thin body, curved spine, protruding sternum, weak joints, flat feet (no connective tissue to maintain arch) **-90% develop changes in heart/blood vessels**: Aortic Aneurysm, Aortic Dissection, Heart Valve Problems
75
Aortic Aneurysm
walls of aorta become weak and bulge, could burst (rupture)
76
Aortic Dissection
tear in inner layer of aorta allowing blood to enter → extending the tear - possible wall rupture - can be fatal
77
Heart Valve Problems
**Marfan Syndrome causes valve tissue to become weak** **-valves do not close tightly** → leaks and back flow of blood = heart works harder → enlarged heart = cardiomyopathy + heart failure **-abnormal heart rhythm**: mitral valve prolapse **-intracranial bleeding**: ruptured brain aneurysm
78
Subcutaneous Tissue / Hypodermis
loose connective tissue and stored fat - adipose tissue provides for most of body's fat storage → protects from compression of bony prominences - contains sweat glands, superficial blood vessels, lymphatics and cutaneous nerves - participates in thermoregulation (insulation)
79
Subcutaneous Tissue: **Deep Fascia**
wrapping, packing, insulating deep structures of the body - dense connective tissue layer of fat - covers most of the body - thickness varies
80
Deep Fascia: **Fascial Compartments**
groups of muscles with similar function sharing nerve supply (in the limbs) -separated by intermuscular septa (thick sheets of deep fascia)
81
Deep Fascia: **Subserous Fascia**
varying fatty tissue -between internal surfaces of musculoskeletal walls and serous membranes of body cavities → endothoracic, endoabdominal, endopelvic
82
Deep Fascia: **Bursae**
**sacs of serous membrane** -reduce friction **-subcutaneous bursae:** between skin and bone **-subfascial bursae:** beneath deep fascia **-subtendinous bursae:** tendons over bone **-synovial tendon sheaths:** elongated bursae that wrap around tendons
83
Primary Skin Barriers
**-chemical barriers** (low pH slows bacterial growth) -**biological** **barriers** (antibiotics made by neutrophils) → **Langerhans' cells**: macrophages on epidermis **-physical barriers than CAN pass through skin:** l**ipid solubles** (O2, CO2), **oleoresins** (poison), **solvents** (paint thinner), **heavy metal salts** (lead, mercury, nickel) **→ FENTANYL can easily pass through the skin**
84
Protection against **dehydration, mechanical injury, pathogens, UV light**
Epidermis
85
Protection against **blood loss**
Epidermis and Dermis
86
Synthesis of pigments and Vitamin D
Epidermis and Dermis
87
Temperature regulation via vasodilation, vasoconstriction, sweating and shivering
Dermis and Hypodermis
88
Absorption of some O2, CO2, fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K), certain steroid hormones and some toxic substances
Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis
89
Elimination of wastes, salts, water, urea
Epidermis and Dermis
90
Sensory reception for touch, temperature, pain, pressure and stretch
Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis
91
Macule
**flat, nonpalpable change in skin color** **\< 1cm w/ fine borders** -ex. freckles, measles, petechiae
92
Patch
**flat, nonpalpable change in skin color** **\>1 cm w/ irregular borders** ex. mongolian spots, port wine stains, vitiligo
93
Papule
**solid, palpable mass w/ fine border** **\< 0.5cm** ex. elevated moles and warts
94
Plaque
**groups of papules** ex. psoriasis, keratosis, lichen planus
95
Nodule
**elevated, solid hard or soft palpable mass extending deep into dermis** **0.5-2cm w/ fine borders** -ex, small lipoma, squamous cell carcinoma, fibroma
96
Tumor
**elevated, solid hard or soft palpable mass extending deep into dermis** **\>2cm** ex. large lipoma, carcinoma, hemangioma
97
Vesicle
**elevated, fluid filled round/oval shaped mass with thin walls** **\<0.5cm w/ fine borders** ex. herpes, chickenpox, poison ivy, small burn blisters
98
Bulla
**elevated, fluid filled round/oval shaped mass with thin walls** **\>0.5cm w/ fine borders** -ex. contact dermatitis, friction blisters, large burn blisters
99
Wheal
**elevated reddish area w/ irregular borders caused by diffused fluid in tissues** **-size varies** ex. insect bite, hives (allergic reaction)
100
Pustule
**elevated, pus filled vesicle or bulla with fine border** **-size varies** ex. acne, impetigo, carbuncles (large boils)
101
Benign
not serious -common in 30% of caucasians
102
Basal Cell Carcinoma
**dome shaped nodules with ulcer in the center** - stratum basal layer - 99% curable
103
Malignant
**can start on skin and invade to other areas within the body** -risk factor → overexposure to UV radiation
104
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
stratum spinosum layer - grows rapidly / metastasizes if not removed - small, red rounded elevation
105
Melanoma
**cancer of melanocytes** - arise from pre-existing moles (spreading black or brown patches) - poor survival rates if lesion \>4mm thick - ABCD rule - **A**symmetry - **B**order irregularity - **C**olor - **D**iameter
106
First Degree Burn
**epidermis damaged** - redness, swelling, pain - ex. sunburn (2-3 days healing)
107
Second Degree Burn
**epidermis and upper dermis** -ex. blistering (3-4 weeks healing)
108
Third Degree Burn
**entire skin thickness damaged** - ex. chemical burn - outcomes: muscle atrophy, nerve damage, death

Anatomy 1 - MD (6 decks)

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