week 1 Flashcards
intro to anatomical terms and topic 1 (80 cards)
2
Q
types of anatomy
A
gross
surface
microanatomy/ histology
regional
systemic
3
Q
gross anatomy
A
large, visible structures revealed by dissection
e.g. viscera/ musculoskeletal structures/ bv/ nerves/ lymphatics
4
Q
surface anatomy
A
palpable surface landmark location of internal structures
5
Q
microanatomy/ histology
A
structures unable to be seen by the naked eye
6
Q
regional anatomy
A
head/ neck/ upper or lower limb/ thorax/ abdomen/ pelvis
7
Q
systemic anatomy
A
CV/ respiratory/ musculoskeletal/ nervous/ GI / genitourinary systems
8
Q
anatomical position
A
standing with head, feet and palms facing forward, penis erect
9
Q
prone anatomical position
A
facing down
10
Q
supine anatomical position
A
face up
11
Q
superior
A
towards crown
12
Q
inferior
A
towards sole
13
Q
anterior
A
towards front
14
Q
posterior
A
towards back
15
Q
medial
A
toward midline
16
Q
lateral
A
away from midline
17
Q
proximal
A
towards the centre
18
Q
distal
A
away from the centre
19
Q
superficial
A
near surface
20
Q
deep
A
away from surface
21
Q
5th Intercostal Space
A
gap inferior to the 5th rib, superior to the 6th rib
22
Q
Adrenaline
A
sympathomimetic catecholamine, causes quickening of the heart beat, strengthens force of heart’s contraction, opens bronchioles and other effects.
FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
epinephrine
23
Q
Aldosterone
A
steroid hormone, produced by adrenal cortex, regulates balance of salt and water in body (Mineralocorticoid)
secreted in response to low salt levels
binds to mineralocorticoid receptor and up-regulates production of protein which prevents ENaC from being degraded
^ sodium reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule of nephron leads to more water reabsorption and increase in blood pressure
24
Q
Anterior
A
anterior view is from the front
25
Cortisol
steroid hormone, produced by adrenal cortex, regulates carbohydrate metabolism (Glucocorticoid)
stress hormone
26
Faecal Mass
Waste matter eliminated from the bowels; excrement
27
Fascia
sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue enveloping, separating, or binding together muscles, organs, and other soft structures of the body
28
Gall Bladder
small, pear-shaped muscular sac, located under the right lobe of the liver, in which bile secreted by the liver is stored until needed by the body for digestion.
concentrates bile during the fasting state, typically increasing the concentration five-fold
29
Inguinal Ligament
tough, fibrous ligament that stretches between the lateral edge of the pubic bone and the anterior superior iliac spine
30
Mediastinum
region in mammals between the pleural sacs, containing the heart and all of the thoracic viscera except the lungs
31
Medullary
“In the medulla or inner core
32
Necrotic
dead
33
Noradrenaline
neurotransmitter and a hormone with similar effects to those of adrenaline.
norepinephrine
34
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the lining around the heart (the pericardium) causing chest pain and accumulation of fluid around the heart (pericardial effusion)
35
Posterior
Nearer to back. A posterior view is from the back
36
Pyloric Sphincter
ring of smooth muscle fibers around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum
37
Severe Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum (The peritoneum is the tissue layer of cells lining the inner wall of the abdomen and pelvis).” “Peritonitis can result from infection (such as bacteria or parasites), injury and bleeding, or diseases (such as systemic lupus erythematosus).”
38
Gonadocorticoids
sex hormones
39
Systemic Sepsis
The presence of bacteria (bacteraemia) or other infectious organisms or their toxins in the blood (septicaemia) or in other tissue of the body.” “Sepsis may be associated with clinical symptoms of systemic (bodywide) illness, such as fever, chills, malaise, low blood pressure, and mental status changes. Sepsis can be a serious situation, a life threatening condition calling for urgent and comprehensive care.” “Treatment depends on the type of infection, but usually begins with antibiotics or similar medications.”
40
Ureters
tube that carries urine down from the kidney to the bladder.”
“There are normally two kidneys so there are accordingly two ureters under normal circumstances, one ureter coming from each kidney conveying urine to the bladder.”
41
Vermiform Appendix
small outpouching from the beginning of the large intestine (the ascending colon).” “It is informally referred to as the appendix while it’s formal name is vermiform appendix (meaning worm-like appendage) because it was thought to be worm-like.”
42
transverse plane
splits the body into superior and inferior sections
horizontal/ axial
43
coronal plane
splits into anterior/ posterior sections
frontal
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sagittal plane
splits into left and right sections
(mid-sagittal sits in midline)
45
vertebrae 4 sections
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
coccygeal vertebrae
46
3 regions of trunk
thoracic
abdominal
pelvic
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boundaries of trunk
superior thoracic inlet
inferior (diaphragm)
posterior (ribs and thoracic vertebrae)
anterior (ribs, costal cartilage and sternum)
48
superior thoracic inlet
opening at top of thoracic cage, passage between neck and thoracic cavity
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abdomen
extends from diaphragm superiorly to inguinal ligaments/ pelvic brim inferiorly
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anterolateral abdominal wall
lateral boundaries of abdomen
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4 quadrants of abdomen
R/L upper quadrant
R/L lower quadrant
52
9 region model
1st row: (R/L hypochondrium and epigastric region)
2nd row: (R/L flank lumbar and umbilical region)
3rd row: (R/L Iliac fossa and hypogastric/ suprapubic region)
53
3 regions of pelvis
ilium/ ischium/ pubis
54
true vs false pelvis
greater (false) pelvis between 2 ilium bones
lesser (true) pelvis deep to pubic bone/ inferior pelvic inet
55
cardiovascular system
This system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Its primary function is to transport nutrients and oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body and to carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs.
56
respiratory system
This system consists of nasal cavity, larynx, tracheobronchial tree, and lungs. It's primary function is breathing and gas exchange.
57
skeletal system
This system consists of all of the bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments in the body. It has a structural and locomotive function.
58
integumentary system
This system includes the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails. It is the largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external and internal environment.
59
muscular system
This system consists of specialised cells called muscle fibres. Muscle fibres are attached to bones or other structures and they are responsible for movement.
60
genitourinary/ urogenital system
This system is sometimes split into the urinary and reproductive systems. It consists of the kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra, and sexual organs
61
GI / digestive system
This system consists of the mouth, pharynx (throat), oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. It also includes the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, which make digestive juices and enzymes that help the body digest food and liquids.
62
immune system
This system consists of a network of biological processes that protects an organism from diseases. It detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens
63
nervous system
This system consists of the brain, spinal cord, periphral nerves, sensory organs and other nervous tissue. It coordinates actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of the body.
64
endocrine system
This system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands into the circulatory system, regulating target organs.
65
2 connective tissue types of skeleton
bone
cartilage
66
4 functions of skeleton
salt storage
haemopoeisis of RBC/ WBC in marrow
protection of major organs
mechanical basis of movement
67
2 types of mature bone
spongey
compact
68
compact bone
strong/ dense/ covering all bones w superficial, thin layer for strength
69
spongey/ cancellous bone
less dense w air spaces
core of most bones unless replaced w medullary cavity
lighter, aiding movement
70
cartilage
more flexibles, less strong than bones
requires diffusion for nutrient/oxygen obtaining
71
3 types of cartilage
hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic
72
hyaline cartilage
most common
present as articular cartilage in adult joints
resp system airway support of trachea
73
fibrocartilage
in articular discs in joints, intevertebral discs and around edge of ball and socket joints to enlarge sa of socket
74
elastic cartilage
resilient w elastic fibres in structure
external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis and parts of larynx
75
axial skeleton
all bones along body's long axis
76
appendicular skeleton
append to axial skeleton
limbs and girdles
77
osteoperosis
decrease in bone mass/ strength w no change in proportion of calcified : uncalcified base material
78
what hapens during bone fracture
BV around fracture ruptures and bleeds, releasing repair factors that form clot and calcify to become callus, joining pieces together
remodels to resemble bone shape
79
osteomalacia
soft bones due to vit D deficiency
80
