Week 1

Question 1

Hyperplasia

Answer 1

increase in the absolute number of cells

Question 2

Hypertrophy

Answer 2

increase in the relative size of a cell

Question 3

Accretion

Answer 3

Increase in the intercellular material

Question 4

Maturation

Answer 4

Progress towards a mature state

Question 5

Maturation (3 steps)

Answer 5

1- timing of when things happen
2- rate at which things happen
3- process of how things happen

Question 6

How to assess maturation

Answer 6

Height and weight, hand x ray

Question 7

Development

Answer 7

Acquisition and refinement of behaviour

Question 8

5 types of development

Answer 8

social, cognitive, physical, emotional, and moral domains

Question 9

stages of growth and development

Answer 9

Pre-natal
Preterm newborn

Question 10

Post natal

Answer 10

Newborn (0-28 days)
Infant (28 days - 12 months)
Toddlers (12 months - 23 months)
Preschool (2-5 years)
School age child (6-11years)

Question 11

Pre natal development

Answer 11

Embryonic Development (0-8weeks)
Foetal Development (9-40 weeks)

Question 12

Embryonic development (0-8 weeks)

Answer 12

-limbs are roughly formed
-eyes, ears, nose, mouth, fingers and toes are formed

Question 13

Foetal development (9-40 weeks)

Answer 13

no new anatomical feature appear

Question 14

birth weight

Answer 14

directly linked to survival of newborn
lower the birth weight, higher the risk

Question 15

Teratogens (causes) for low weight

Answer 15

medications, environment, existence of other conditions/ diseases

Question 16

Other causes for low birth weight

Answer 16

foetal alcohol syndrome
smoking
caffeine

Question 17

Hormone relating to pregnancy and exercise

Answer 17

relaxin
increased flexibility, assists with childbirth, awareness when performing exercise

Question 18

benefits of exercise during pregnancy

Answer 18

-improved muscular strength and endurance
-improved cardiovascular function
-improved physical fitness
-decreased risked of complications, pelvic pain, fatigue, stress, anxiety, depression
-reduced weight gain and risk of gestational diabetes

Question 19

Contraindications

Answer 19

when the risk outweighs the benefit

Question 20

Gestational Diabetes

Answer 20

Decreased effectiveness of insulin
Consequence is increase in blood sugar
Incidence increases with age

Question 21

Gestational Diabetes risk factors and recommendation

Answer 21

BMI >30
family history
mother is inactive

Recommendation
combination of exercise and diet intervention

Question 22

Preeclampsia

Answer 22

High Blood pressure
Urinary protein
linked to impaired funtion in the critical systems

Question 23

golden rules for pregnancy

Answer 23

Avoid contact sports
avoid sudden movemnets
avoid exercising on your back
keep hydrated
mainly use RPE
choose weight supported activities
strengthen core and pelvic floor muscles
don’t stop exercise

Question 24

types of growth curves
Scammons curve

Answer 24

Neural curve
Genital Curve
Lymphoid curve
general curve
Velocity Curve

Question 25

Scammons curve

Answer 25

describes changes in body tissues as age increases

Question 26

Neural curve

Answer 26

growth of brain, NS, eyes and skull, rapid growth from 0-7 years Steady after 7 years slight increase in adolescence

Question 27

Genital curve

Answer 27

growth of primary + secondary sex characteristics Slight growth during infancy, latent period during childhood, extremely rapid growth during adolescence

Question 28

Lymphoid curve

Answer 28

growth of lymph and thymus gland, tonsils and appendix, rapid growth during infancy and childhood Peaks between 11-13 years of age thymus and tonsils shrink at onset of adolescence

Question 29

General curve

Answer 29

all the curves together form the general curve Indiccates growth of the whole body and its parts Displays S-shaped patterend Rapid growth in infancy, steady growth in middle child, rapid growth in adolescents, levels off after adolescence Pattern is predictable and consistent (not linear)

Question 30

velocity curve

Answer 30

Illustrate rate of growth longitudinal data is needed across a period of time illustrates specific periods of growth, peak height velocity (PHV) Age at take-off On average girls reach PHV at 11.5-12 years (tapers at 14 and increases end at 16) Boys PHV 13.5-14 yr (tapers at 17yrs and increases end at 18)

Question 31

growth curve vs growth charts

Answer 31

growth curve = An indicator of growth status growth charts = evaluate the growth against same age and gender

Question 32

sex differences

Answer 32

-minimal during early childhood -boys are slightly taller than heavier -girls tend to mature earlier -adolescence growth spurt starts ( 9years for girls, 11 years for boys )

Question 33

height changes

Answer 33

Average birth length = 50cm Size at birth + nutrition influence increase in length during infancy --- after that genetics plays greatest role Skeleton roughly 3 wks more advanced in girls

Question 34

weight changes

Answer 34

Weight follows a sigmoid pattern It is susceptible to external factors ( can depend on variation in muscle and fat tissue)

Question 35

Changes to body proportions

Answer 35

Extremities grow quicket than trunk 2 yr old = lg head, short legs, 'chubby' 5yr = taller, head more proportioned

Question 36

changes to posture

Answer 36

New born = feet inverted , legs flexed Toddler, prominent abdomen, sway back, large head Posture changes due to muscle development

Question 37

Changes to adipose tissue

Answer 37

Structural and functional component of stores lipids 2 forms: white and brown adipose tissue Brown <1% of adipose mass, generates heat, mainly found in infants White - single droplet of lipid, found in subcutaneous layers of skin, energy reserve, protect vital organs

Question 38

Changes in respiratory system

Answer 38

Lungs dev from wk 4 in utero During final trimester, alveoli develop 20mil alveoli at birth, increases to 300mil by age 8 Lung growth is proportional to height

Question 39

changes to lung function

Answer 39

Breathing frequency 40b/min @ birth --- 22b/min at 6 Lung vol and capacities increases linearly with height throughout childhood Lag effect during adolescence height>lung size