week 1

Question 1

Why is inflammation a vital function of your innate immune system?

Answer 1

1. helps alert your tissues and help avoid further damage.
2. helps heal injury or infection

Question 2

What are characteristics of acute inflammation?

Answer 2

• comes on rapidly, within a few minutes and is short-lived.
• resolves within a few hours or days.
• body will return to a state of balance.

Question 3

What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation?

Answer 3

• may begin like acute inflammation but linger for months or years.
• may stay active even after initial threat is eliminated.
• may occur due to no apparent injury or disease.
• causes the body to attack/destroy nearby tissues/organs.

Question 4

What are differences between acute and chronic inflammation?

Answer 4

• acute comes on rapidly (within minutes) and chronic lingers for months or years.
• acute resolves within few hours or days and chronic stays active even after initial threat is eliminated.
• acute allows body to return to state of balance and chronic may cause body to attack/destroy nearby tissues/organs.
• acute occurs due to injury and chronic may occur due to no apparent injury or disease.
• cardinal symptoms are different.
• different immune responses and cells.

Question 5

What are the similarities between acute and chronic inflammation?

Answer 5

• both have cardinal signs of inflammation (redness, warmth, swelling, pain, limited ROM) - chronic also have different ones.

Question 6

What causes inflammation?

Answer 6

Inflammation is triggered when cells that make up tissue are injured or die.

Question 7

What are some examples of the causes of inflammation?

Answer 7

• physical injury (blunt trauma, traction, cuts).
• heat, cold, chemicals, radiation, UV light.
• infections.
• foreign bodies.
• autoimmune diseases.

Question 8

What are autoimmune diseases?

Answer 8

The immune system can become maladaptive.

They can become suppressed –> cannot mount proper response.

They can become excessive responses –> attacks own cells/tissues.

Question 9

What are examples of autoimmune diseases?

Answer 9

• multiple sclerosis
• asthma
• celiac disease
• eczema/psoriasis
• rheumatoid arthritis

Question 10

What are characteristics of the innate immune response?

Answer 10

• occurs when injury or cell damage.
• 1st line of defense.
• fast (responds within hours).
• system you are born with.
• specific stimulus will elicit identical response (in individual).
• regulates tissue repair following injury.

Question 11

What are characteristics of the adaptive immune response?

Answer 11

• we develop during our lifetime.
• takes more time develop (response is in days).
• responses vary greatly between individuals.
• can become maladaptive (e.g. autoimmune conditions).

Question 12

What cells are involved in the innate immune system and what do they do?

Answer 12

1. mast cells - release histamines, cytokines, prostaglandins to initiate increase blood flow and vascular permeability.
2. neutrophils and macrophages - phagocytise or ingest or degrade debris and produce inflammatory molecules.
3. cytokines - chemical messengers in inflammation (pain) and they can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory

Question 13

What cells are involved in the adaptive immune response and what do they do?

Answer 13

• lymphocytes (T-cells + B-cells) - recognize specific antigen and produce antibodies against specific antigens –> last a long time in the body.

Question 14

What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

Answer 14

1. pain
2. redness
3. immobility or loss of function/decreased ROM
4. swelling
5. heat

Question 15

What is the physiological process of heat?

Answer 15

tissue injury causes capillary widening because mast cells, prostaglandins and histamine increase blood flow and vascular permeability which causes heat.

Question 16

What is the physiological process of redness and swelling?

Answer 16

tissue injury cause fluid release into the tissues because an increase in permeability due to cells (mast cells, histamine, and prostaglandins) which cause redness + swelling.

Question 17

What is the physiological process of tenderness?

Answer 17

tissue injury causes attraction of leukocytes and neutrophils which help repair tissue by degrading and ingesting debris , which causes extravasation of more leukocytes to site of injury and cause tenderness.

Question 18

What is the physiological process of pain?

Answer 18

tissue injury cases a systemic response and inflammatory cells such as cytokines release chemical messengers that cause fever and proliferation of leukocytes which causes pain.

Question 19

What causes septic shock?

Answer 19

extreme inflammation

Question 20

What are some treatments of acute inflammation?

Answer 20

RICE - rest, ice, compression, elevation
PRICE - protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation
POLICE - protection, optimal loading, ice, compression, elevation
PEACE - protection, elevation, avoid anti-inflammatories, compression, education
LOVE - load, optimism, vascularization, exercise

Question 21

What are the signs of chronic inflammation?

Answer 21

1. tissues changes (thickening, fibrosis and disorganization)
2. angiogenesis (proliferation of small blood vessels)
3. chronic inflammatory cells (macrophages and lymphocytes)