Week 1 Flashcards by Angelina Franco

Weight gain during first trimester

Book: 2.2-4.4 lbs (1-2 kg)
ATI: 1- 4.4 lbs (0.45-2 kg)

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Weight gain per week for 2nd and 3rd trimesters

1 lb (0.5 kg) per week

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Recommendations for total weight gain: Normal BMI

25-35 lbs

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Recommendations for total weight gain: Underweight clients

28-40 lbs

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Recommendations for total weight gain: Overweight clients

15-25 lbs

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Calories for pregnant women

2200 to 2900 calories a day
2nd trimester: increase 340 calories a day
3rd trimester: increase 452 calories a day

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Protein intake

71 g/day
Essential to basic growth

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Folic acid

Essential for fetal neurological development and neural tube defects
**Women of childbearing age: 400 mcg/day
**Pregnant women: 600 mcg/day

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Folic acid

Essential for fetal neurological development and neural tube defects
**Women of childbearing age: 400 mcg/day
**Pregnant women: 600 mcg/day

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Sources of foods high in folate

Leafy vegetables
Dried peas
Beans
Seeds
Orange juice

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Iron

27 mg/day (times 2 for fetal development
Absorbed best between meals and when given with a source of vitamin C.

*milk and caffeine interfere with the absorption of iron supplements

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Iron sources

Beef liver
Red meats
Fish
Poultry
Dried peas
Beans
Fortified cereals and breads

iron supplements may cause consipation

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Calcium

For bone and teeth formation
1,000 mg/day
<19 y/o: 1,300 day

ex: milk, calcium soy milk, orange juice, nuts, legumes, and dark green veggies

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Fluids

8-10 glasses (2-3L)
Limit caffeine: 200 mg/day

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Phenylketonuria (PKU)

PKU levels should be monitored
-congenital condition that can affect the brain
-cause by built up of amino acids

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Lactating mother

Continue a well balanced diet
Increase calories (450-500 extra calories per day)
Protein
Fluids

Sexual development: prenatal

Reproductive systems are similar for the first 6 weeks
Differentiation of the external genitalia is complete at about 12 weeks

Primary sex characteristics

Penis
Testes
Uterus
Ovaries

Secondary sex characteristics

Breasts
Widened hips
Facial hair
Adam’s apple

Primary amenorrhea

Failure to reach menarche (first period) writhing 2 years after breast development
Started after a year from mothers start age
No history of menstruation by the age of 15

Secondary amenorrhea

Going 6 months without menses, but has at least one previous menstrual cycle
miss 3 cycles but established for 6 months

Fundus

Where strong contractions come from
massage the fundus - always the answer

Boggy uterus

Enlarged, soft, and tender uterus
Can lead to bleeding = most common cause of postpartum hemorrhage
Can be due to full bladder
Firm = good

Where does fertilization occur?

Ampulla: the middle part of the fallopian tubes

Follicular phase

Maturation of ovarian follicle Occurs before the release of an egg **proliferative phase** - occurs when ovum matures

Ovulatory phase

Egg is release and moved into fallopian tubes Starts around day 14 in a 28 day cycle **secretory phase: prepares to receive fertilized ovum**

Luteal phase

Occurs right after ovulation Progesterone levels increase, thickening the lining of the uterus *Corpus luteum excretes estrogen progesterone making the making uterus a healthy environment for fetus* **menstrual phase occurs if no fertilization**

Prolactin

Stimulates breasts for milk development Secreted by the anterior pituitary **active milk production occurs in response to the infants suckling**

Quickening

Means when mother can feel fetal movement Starts at 17-20 weeks - some mothers can feel sooner

Can hear heartbeat on Doppler

Weeks 9-12

Placenta

Chorionic vili - where exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs -

Monozygotic

Single ovum and sperm Share membranes and placenta Known as identical twins

Dizygotic

Two ovaries that are fertilized by different sperm Membranes and sacs are separate

Trisomy

1 extra chromosome - 47 total Common example: Down syndrome

Monosomy

Missing chromosome Most often incompatible with life

Polyploidy

Embryo has one or more extra sets of chromosomes- 69 or 92 Usually results in early spontaneous abortion

Common fetal defects

Spinal bífida Encephalopathy - 400 mcg of folic acid daily before conception

Women who are carriers of x-linked disorders

Affects males Example: color blindness, hemophilia (blood does not clot properly, so a simple cut could be a problem)