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Human Development 1 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is child development ?

A

Child development focuses on the scientific study of systematic processes of change and stability in children

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2
Q

What were the first formal efforts of child development ?

A

“baby biographies” or “baby diaries”

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3
Q

What are modern tools used in child development ?

A

sensitive intruments and digital technology

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4
Q

What are sensitive instruments ?

A

intruments that measure eye movement, heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension

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5
Q

What digital technology is used ?

A

sensitive video recordings and computer based analyses

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6
Q

What do theories tell us ?

A

Theories tells us what questions to ask, where to look for answers, and how to interpret what we find

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7
Q

What does social construction mean ?

A

a concept or practice that is an invention of a particular culture or society

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8
Q

What are the periods of development ?

A
  1. Prenatal
  2. Infancy & Toddlerhood
  3. Early Childhood
  4. Middle Childhood
  5. Adolesence
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9
Q

What time span does each stage occur at ?

A
  1. Prenatal (conception - birth)
  2. Infancy and Toddlerhood (birth - 3yrs)
  3. Early Childhood (3yrs - 6 yrs)
  4. Middle Childhood (6yrs - 11yrs)
  5. Adolesence (11 - 20)
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10
Q

What are the domains of development ?

A
  • Physical
  • Cognitive
  • Psychosocial
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11
Q

What are the influences of development ?

A
  • Heredity, Environment and Maturation
  • Contexts of Development
  • Normative and Non-normative influences
  • Timing of Influences
  • Imprinting, critical vs sensitive periods, plasticity
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12
Q

What is involved in the influence of Heredity, Environment, and Maturation ?

A
  • Genes and the environment
  • Prenatal development (womb)
  • Nature and nurture
  • Experience-based brain development
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13
Q

What do Heredity, Environment, and Maturation mean/involve individually ?

A
  • Heredity: inborn traits and characteristics from biological parents
  • Environment: outside the body (e.g. womb and so on)
  • Maturation: The unfolding of a universal, natural sequence, of physical changes and behaviour patterns
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14
Q

What is involved in the influence of Contexts of Development ?

A
  • Family diversity, various structures
  • Culture (invidiualistic vs collectivist), ethnicity, and race
  • SES
  • Climate change
  • Historical contexts - politics, COVID, BLM, war
  • Neighbourhood, community
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15
Q

What is the nuclear family ?

A

2 generational household unit consisting of 1 or 2 parents and their biological, adopted, or step children

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16
Q

What is an extended family ?

A

a multigenerational kinship network of grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and more distant relatives, sometimes living together

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17
Q

What is polygamy ?

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A

family structure in which 1 spouse marries more than one person

18
Q

What is culture ?

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A
  • a society’s or groups total way of life
  • e.g: traditions, customs, knowledge, law, etc
19
Q

What is individualistic culture ?

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A

place a priority on personal goals and encourage people to view themselves as distinct individuals

20
Q

What is a collectivist culture ?

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A

concerned with collective goals and group dynamics and respect their relationship with others

21
Q

What is an ethnic group ?

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A

consists of people united by a distinctive culture, ancestry, religion, language, or national origin

22
Q

How does ethnicity affect development ?

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A

Ethnic and cultural patterns affect child developemnt by their influence on the composition of household, economic and social resources, etc

23
Q

What is race ?

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A

a group of humans distinguished by thier outward physical characteristics or social qualitites from other groups

24
Q

What does ethnic glass mean ?

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A

overgeneralization that observes or blurts variations withing hetergeneous group
e.g: term “Hispanic”

25
What is **SES** ?
combination of economic and social factors , that describe an individual or family, including income, education, and occupation
26
What are **risk factors** ?
conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative outcome
27
What are **normative** influences ?
biological or environmental events that afffect society in similar ways
28
What are **examples** of **normative** influences ?
* Age related - puberty (biological events) * History related - COVID
29
What is a **cohort** ?
a group of people born at about the same time who experiences similar influences
30
What is a **historical generation** ?
A group of people who experience the events at a formative time in their lives (e.g.: schooling during COVID)
31
What are **nonnormative** influences ?
atypical or unusual events disrupting life cycle such as accidents, poverty, and death
32
What is **imprinting** ?
instinctive form of learning thought to be automatic and irreversible e.g: animal forms an attatchment to the first moving object it sees
33
What are **critical** periods ?
A critical period is a speficifc time when a given event, or its absence, has a profund and specific impact on development e.g: imprinting or limb development and teratogens
34
What are **sensitive** periods ?
time in development when a developing person is especially responsive to certain kinds of experiences
35
What is **plasticity** ?
The modifiability of the brain through experience
36
What are the **issues** in development ?
* Nature vs Nurture * Active and Passive Developmental Processes * Continuous or Discontinuous Development * An emerging consensus
37
What is **nature (heredity) vs nurture (environment)** ?
Heredity, inborn traits and characteristics inhered from biological parents AND the environment from the womb onwards (no debate)
38
What are **passive** developmental processes ?
* organismic; discontinuous * Reactive * Responding to enviromental stimuli * Sponge soaking up experiences and responding as a result - a blank state * "sum of its parts"
39
What are **active** developmental processes ?
* mechanistic; continuous * Set own motion * Intiative * Change is internal * Environmntal influence speed or slow development * Create own experiences, active
40
What is **continuous (quantitivative)** development ?
* mechanistic * change is gradual and incremental * **quantitative change**: a change in amount or number (e.g: height, weight, etc)
41
What is **discontinous (qualitative)** development ?
* organismic * see development occuring in a series of distinct stages * **qualitative change**: change in kind, structure, or organization
42
What is envolved in the **emerging consensus** ?
* All domains of development are interrelated * Typical development includes a wide variety of individual differences * Influences are bidirectional * Historical and cultural contexts strongly influence development * Early expereince is important, but children can be remarkably resilient * Development in childhood affects development throughout the lifespan

Human Development 1 (2 decks)

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