Week 1 Flashcards by Sophie Wyk

The smallest functional unit in the human body from a physiological perspective is the:

Cell

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Cell communication between physically connected cells is known as:

Gap junctions

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Short-distance cell communication

Paracrine

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Long-distance cell communication

Endocrine

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A cell communicating with itself

Autocrine

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What organelle synthesis most of the ATP used by cells?

Mitochondria

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True/False: A person’s lung cells and muscle cells have different shapes and functions because they have different DNA in their nuceli

False

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What is the primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis

Negative Feedback

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True/False: humans have mechanisms for surviving long-term exposure to cold temperatures outside a narrow range around 37 degrees celcius

False

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The tissue that lines the stomach

Epithelial

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what type of movement is the net diffusion of water down it’s concentration gradient

Osmosis

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Feature of any barrier that allows certain substances to cross but excludes other:

Selective permeability

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Fluid exterior to cells; includes interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs in the body

Extracellular fluid

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Membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilayer interspersed with various molecules also known as a plasma membrane

Cell membrane

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Fluid in the cytosol of cells

Intracellular fluid

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Membrane-bound structure that contains materials within or outside a cell

Vesicle

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Form of transport across the cell membrane that requires input of cellular energy

Active transport

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Form of transport across the cell membrane that does not require input of cellular energy

Passive transport

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Difference in concentration of a substance between two regions

Concentration gradient

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Describes a solution concentration that is higher than the reference concentration

Hypertonic

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Internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell, mainly consisting of a water-based fluid called cytosol, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and cellular materials:

Cytoplasm

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Export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane bound vesicle

Exocytosis

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Movement if a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

Diffusion

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Diffusion of water molecules down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane

Osmosis

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Described a solution concentration that is the same as the reference concentration

Isotonic

Diffusion of a substance with the aid of a membrane protein

Facilitated diffusion

Describes a solution that is lower than its reference concentration

Hypotonic

Import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle

Endocytosis

Organelle that functions primarily in the production of cellular energy (ATP)

Mitochondria

Internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell

Cytoplasm

Cellular organelle that function in protein modification, tagging, packing and transport

golgi apparatus

Cellular organelle that consists of interconnected membrane bound tubules, which may or may not be associated with ribosomes (rough type or smooth type)

Endoplasmic reticulum

Membrane-bound cellular organelle containing digestive enzymes

Lysosome

Cellular organelle that functions in protein synthesis

ribosome

cell’s central organelle; contains the cell’s DNA

nucleus

Any of several different types of membrane-enclosed specialised structures in the cell that perform specific functions for the cell

Organelle

Molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein

Messenger RNA

Functional length of DNA that provided the genetic information necessary to build a protein

Gene

Process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA

Transcription

Active interpretation of the information coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product:

Gene expression

Process of producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript:

Translation

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

Chromosome

Embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body

totipotent

Cell that is oligo, multi, or pluripotent that have the ability to produce additional stem cells rather than becoming a further specialised cell

Stem cell

The process during which young, immature (unspecialised) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialised) form and function

Cell differentiation

Described the condition of being able to differentiate into different types of cells within a given lineage of a small number of lineages, such as red blood cell or white blood cell

Multipotent

Cell that has a receptor for a signal from a signalling cell

Target cell

(Also a signalling cascade) Chain of events that occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell to propagate the signal from the plasma membrane to produce a response

Signalling pathway

Signal that is sent and received by the same or similar nearby cells

Autocrine signal

Propagation of the signal through the cytoplasm (inside) of the cell

Signal transduction

Long-distance signal that is delivered by chemical signals (hormones) traveling through an organism’s circulatory system from the signalling cell to the target cell

Endocrine signal

Protein in or on a target cell that that bind to chemical signals

Receptor

Cells that release signal molecules that allow communication with another crll

Signalling cell

Signal between nearby cells that is delivered by chemical signals traveling in the liquid medium in the space between the cells

paracrine signal

Excitable neural cell that transfer nerve impulses

neuron

Group of cells that are similar in form and perform related functions

Tissue

Type of tissue that serves primarily as covering or lining body parts, protecting the body; it also functions in absorption, transport, and secretion

Epithelial tissues

Point of cell-to-cell contact that connects one cell to another in a tissue

Cell junction

Usually attached to bone, under voluntary control, each cell is a fibre that is multi-nucleated and striated

Skeletal muscle

Heart muscle, under voluntary control, composed of striated cells that attach to form fibres, each cell contains a single nucleus, contracts autonomously

Cardiac muscle

Type of tissue that serves to hold in place, connect, and integrate the body’s organs and systems

Connective tissue

Extraceullar material which is produced by the cells embedded in it, containing ground substance and fibres

Matric

Type of tissue that is capable of contracting and generating tension in response to stimulation; produces movement

Muscle tissue

Type of tissue that is capable of sending and receiving impulses through electrochemical signals

Nervous tissue

Under involuntary control, moves internal organs, cells contain a single nucleus, are spindle-shaped, and do not appear striated; each cell is a fibre:

Smooth muscle

Supportive neural cell

Neuroglia

Compared values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector

Control centre

Ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which is physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within it’s parameters of homeostasis

Set point

Organ that can cause a change in a value

Effector

Mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition in response to a stimulus

Positive feedback

Steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain

Homeostasis

Range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center

Normal range

(Also a receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center:

Sensor

Homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilise an upset in the body’s physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed

Negative feedback

Chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival

Nutrient

Force exerted by a substance in contact with another substancr

Pressure

Class of organic compounds built from sugars

Carbohydrates

Class of organic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds:

Protein

Protein that catalyses (causes or accelerates) chemical reactions

Enzyme

Week 1 Flashcards

(79 cards)