week 1

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

the sum total of processes occurring in a living organism

Question 2

metabolic rate

Answer 2

rate of heat production

Question 3

VO2 max

Answer 3

max capacity of an individual to consume oxygen

Question 3

direct calorimetry

Answer 3

the direct measure of heat.
steady environment, only factor that change is the heat production of the body

ex. person in a chamber, measure the heat they release and compare it to an empty room. change in heat is attributed to amount of energy (kcal) expended.

Question 4

indirect calorimetry

Answer 4

the measurement of O2 consumption and CO2 production.
1 Liter O2 is about 5 kcal
so can use this to determine energy used.

Question 5

bomb calorimeter

Answer 5

food is burned in O2 under pressure. heat of combustion (deltaH) of food is determined.

Question 6

in steady state exercise,

Answer 6

O2 consumption (VO2) is relatively constant and is directly proportional to the submaximal workload

Question 7

ATP homeostasis

Answer 7

constancy of cellular [ATP] over wide variations of ATP turnover

Question 8

Power events (0-3 sec)
ex. shotput, weightlifting
Which energy system?

Answer 8

speed= immediate, VERY rapid

stored as= ATP, creatine phosphate

no O2 involved

Question 9

Speed events (4-50 sec)
ex. 100 to 400m run
Which energy system?

Answer 9

speed= rapid

stored as= muscle glycogen and glucose

no O2 used

Question 10

Endurance events (2 min+)
ex. 1500m+ run
Which energy system?

Answer 10

speed= slower but prolonged

stored as= muscle and liver glycogen, glucose; muscle, blood, and adipose tissue lipids; muscle, blood and liver amino acids

O2 used

Question 11

first cellular course of energy

Answer 11

ATP
- continually hydrolyzed to ADP

Question 12

second source of cellular immediate energy

Answer 12

creatine phosphate (CP)
- catalyzed by the enzyme creatine kinase
- provides a reserve of phosphate energy to regenerate ATP

Question 13

the interaction of CP and ADP is catalyzed by the enzyme

Answer 13

creatine kinase

Question 14

ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP during muscle

Answer 14

contraction.

and is then rephosphorylated by CP

Question 15

third immediate energy source

Answer 15

involves enzyme called adenylate kinase.

ADP + ADP – (adenylate kinase)–> ATP + AMP

Question 16

nonoxidative (glycolytic) energy sources

Answer 16

breakdown of glucose and glycogen

Question 17

does oxidative or nonoxidative provide more energy?

Answer 17

oxidative

Question 18

bioenergetics

Answer 18

the science that involves the study of energetic events in the biological world

Question 19

energy

Answer 19

the capacity to do work

Question 20

work

Answer 20

the product of a given force acting through a given distance

Question 21

power

Answer 21

the rate of work production

Question 22

thermodynamics

Answer 22

science of energy exchange

Question 23

exergonic/exothermic rxn

Answer 23

gives up energy

Question 24

endergonic/endothermic rxn

Answer 24

absorbs energy from surroundings

Question 25

Work

Answer 25

transfer of energy by means other than heat; mechanical, chemical, osmotic (joules)

Question 26

Energy

Answer 26

the ability to perform work (joules, calories)

Question 27

Capacity

Answer 27

amount of ATP able to be produced; time independent, energy storage (kcal available)

Question 28

Power

Answer 28

work over time; time dependent, maximum demand (Watts)

Question 29

Energy expenditure

Answer 29

the total amount of energy expended during exercise (resting+exercise)

Question 30

MET

Answer 30

metabolic equivalent task; an index of energy expenditure; the ratio of energy expended during an activity to the rate of energy expended at rest (1 MET= oxygen utilization of 3.5 ml*kg^-1*minute^-1)

Question 31

Sedentary behaviour

Answer 31

activity that involves little or no movement or physical activity, having an energy expenditure of approx. 1-1.5 METs

Question 32

Calorie

Answer 32

measure of energy; heat energy required to raise one gram/mL of water one degree celsius (1 cal= 4.184 joule)

Question 33

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 33

rate of energy metabolism in a resting individual 14-18 hours after eating

Question 34

Power duration curve

Answer 34

intensity of exercise governs the rate of ATP turnover (power) → ex. The longer you want to run, the slower you need to go. Power and capacity is inversely proportional in energy systems

Question 35

Energy demand components that need to be met during exercise

Answer 35

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and other organs

Question 36

Energy supply demand components that need to be met during exercise

Answer 36

anaerobic alactic, anaerobic lactic, aerobic= -muscle stores (ATP adenosine triphosphate, CP creatine phosphate, glycogen, triglycerides TG) -Cardiorespiratory capacity (Q, Hb, capillarization,) -Metabolic capacity (enzyme content)

Question 37

Homeostasis

Answer 37

the maintenance of key physiological variables within a predicted range through feedback mechanisms

Question 38

Defence homeostasis

Answer 38

an acute response to exercise. There is stress (demands) and strain (response) and they “fight” to maintain balance. With repeated stress, physiological systems respond with increased functional capacity (training)

Question 39

4 exercise intensity domains

Answer 39

moderate heavy severe extreme

Question 40

moderate intensity domain

Answer 40

plateau of VdotO2 and blood lactate near baseline (ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation in type 1 fibers)

Question 41

heavy intensity domain

Answer 41

Slow component of VdotO2 emerges prior to delayed steady state in VdotO2 and blood lactate-- above first threshold

Question 42

severe intensity domain

Answer 42

slow component of VdotO2 WITHOUT steady state, continual rise in blood lactate-- above second threshold (Critical power, maximal lactate steady state)

Question 43

extreme intensity domain

Answer 43

adove VdotO2 max, no slow component VdotO2 max not achieved

Question 44

Describe how training adaptations improve exercise tolerance and the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis during exercise

Answer 44

supercompensation after rest/recovery/repair of tissues after exercise with increased intensity/demands

Question 45

traditional physiological parameters of performance that influence exercise tolerance

Answer 45

economy/efficiency, lactate threshold, critical power, maximal O2 uptake

Question 46

List the three big ATPases discussed in relationship to exercise

Answer 46

1. Na/K ATPase= sustaining membrane potential 2. SERCA= calcium sequestration (calcium in and out of cell; controls muscle contraction) 3. M ATPase= force production through xb cycling

Question 47

respiratory quotient (RQ)

Answer 47

ratio of CO2 to O2 consumed (bomb calorimeter) - can be for carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

Question 48

respiratory exchange ratio: RER (R) value

Answer 48

R value= - estimate of RQ, measured at the mouth - must consider non-metabolic sources of CO2

Question 49

inaccuracies of indirect calorimetry

Answer 49

Functional capacity= ensuring max effort is a challenge, need to normalize VdotO2 max to body mass or lean body mass Efficiency= slow components of O2 kinetics introduces inefficiency. . Efficiency influences the power output that lactate threshold and VdotO2 max are reached at which influences performance. Energy expenditure= 5 kcal LO2-1 is assumed but it depends on intensity (RQ). In high intensity exercise, there is a mismatch of RER to RQ (non-metabolic CO2) and the anaerobic energy contribution is not measured

Question 50

V dot O2

Answer 50

stands for "volume of oxygen per unit time" - essentially signifying the maximum rate at which your body can consume oxygen during exercise, also known as VO2 max; the dot over the "V" indicates that it's a rate per unit time