WEEK 1 Flashcards by marielle abegail consigo

It is the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on
biologic tissue.

Radiobiology

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The energy emitted and transferred through space
than can either be in a form of waves or particles is
called

Radiation

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It is an energy in transit from one location to another.

Radiation

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It is transfer of energy.

Radiation

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What are the 2
classifications of
radiation according to its
ionizing ability?

Ionizing radiation
Non-ionizing radiation

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Radiation with enough energy so that during an
interaction with an atom, it can remove tightly bound
electrons from the orbit of an atom, causing the atom
to become charged or ionized.

Ionizing radiation

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Carried by any of several types of particles
(particulate) and rays (electromagnetic radiation) given
off by radioactive material, X-ray machines, and
nuclear reactions.

Ionizing radiation

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It has the potential to cause harmful
effects due to the way it interacts with
atoms in living matter.

Ionizing radiation

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It has the potential to cause harmful
effects due to the way it interacts with
atoms in living matter.

Ionizing radiation

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Radiation that has enough energy to move around
atoms in a molecule or cause them to vibrate, but not
enough to remove electrons, is referred to as

“non-
ionizing radiation.

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they do not have sufficient kinetic energy to eject
electrons from the atom

Non ionizing radiation

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does not cause the production of charged particles

Non ionizing radiation

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Extremely low-frequency radiation has very long
wave lengths and frequencies in the range of 100
Hertz or less.

Non ionizing radiation

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the
electromagnetic spectrum

Radiowaves
Microwave
Infrared
Visible light
Ultraviolet
Xray
Gamma

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It is the range of wavelengths or
frequencies over which electromagnetic
radiation extends.

Electromagnetic spectrum

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travel in a wave-like pattern

Electromagnetic radiation

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the only difference between the various types of
electromagnetic radiation is the ____ found in the photoms

Amount of energy

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electromagnetic radiation travels in a straight line at
the

speed loght pr 3x10^8 m/s

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Pure energy with no mass and is like vibrating or
pulsating waves of electrical and magnetic energy.

Electromagnetic energy

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Produced by a vibrating electric charge and as such,
they consist of both an electric and a magnetic
component.

Electromagnetic radiation

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Acts like a stream of small “packets” of energy called
photons.

Electromagnetic radiation

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small “packets” of energy

Photons

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Wavelength and Photon Energy =

Inversely proportional

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Wavelength and Frequency=

Inversely proportional

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has the shortest wavelength but has the highest energy.

Gamma ray

As wavelength gets shorter, frequency ___ .

increases

radiations that are classified as ionizing radiations:

Xrays Gamma rays High energy ultraviolet radiation (energy higher than 10eV)

Illustration of the electromagnetic spectrum.

X- and γ-rays have: the same nature as visible light, radiant heat, and radio waves; however, They have shorter wavelengths and, consequently, a larger photon energy. As a result, x- and γ-rays can break chemical bonds and produce biologic effects.

Types of ionizing radiation

Electromagnetic radiation Particulate radiation

often called photons

Electromagnetic radiation

often called photons

Electromagnetic radiation

the only difference between them is their origin.

Xrays and gamma rays High

produced outside the nucleus in the electron shells.

Xray

emitted from the nucleus of a radioisotope and are usually associated with alpha or beta emission.

Gamma rays

emitted from the nucleus of a radioisotope and are usually associated with alpha or beta emission.

Gamma rays

a stream of atomic or subatomic particles that may be charged positively (alpha particles) or negatively (beta particles) or not at all (neutrons)

Particulate radiation

atomic or subatomic particles (electrons, protons, etc.) which carry energy in the form of kinetic energy or mass in motion

Particulate radiation

Involves tiny fast-moving particles that have both energy and mass

Particulate radiation

Involves tiny fast-moving particles that have both energy and mass

Particulate radiation

primarily produced by disintegration of an unstable atom.

Particulate radiation

Also known as corpuscular radiation

Particulate radiation

symbolized by the Greek letter α

Alpha particle

Aplpha particle also called

alpha ray or alpha radiation

emitted from nuclei of very heavy elements such as uranium and plutonium during the process of radioactive decay.

Alpha particle

consisting of two protons and two neutrons.

Alpha particle

Atomic mass of alpha Atomic number of alpha

4 2

They are simply helium nuclei

Alpha particle

Less penetrating. They lose energy quickly as they travel a short distance in biologic matter. They are considered virtually harmless as an external source of radiation.

Alpha particle

Have no applications in diagnostic radiology.

Alpha particles

The positive charge of alpha particle is useful in

Nuclear medicine

may be used to treat cancer,

Radium 226

Beta means

High speed

Identical to an electron except for its origin.

Beta particle

Emitted from the nuclei of radioactive material, while electrons exist in orbital shells around the nucleus.

Beta particle

High velocity electrons with an electrical charge of -1

Beta particle

more penetrating than an alpha particle but less penetrating than a gamma ray or an x-ray.

Beta particle

Penetrate through several millimeters of body tissue

Beta particle

encountered in nuclear medicine applications.

Beta particle

Neuron have a mass of approximately

1 amu and no charge

Neutrons are the only one that can make objects radioactive, through the process called

Neutron activation

Because of their exceptional ability to penetrate other materials, neutrons can travel great distances in air and require very thick hydrogen-containing materials (such as concrete or water) to block them.

Neutron

Neutron produced in

Nuclear reactors and cyclotrons

produces and controls the release of energy from splitting the atoms of certain elements.

Nuclear reactor

In a nuclear power reactor, the energy released is used as heat to make steam to generate

Electricity

the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron.

Positron or antielectron

The positron has an electric charge of ____ and has the same mass as an

+1e electron

When a low-energy positron collides with a low-energy electron, ____occurs, resulting in the production of

annihilation two or more gammaray photons.

What are the 2 sources of human exposure to radiation?

Natural or Background Radiation Man-made (artificial)

from radioactive materials in the crust of the earth.

Terrestrial radiation

The major isotopes of concern for terrestrial radiation are

Uranium decay products of uranium; thorium, radium and radon

have always been a part of the human environment since the formation of the universe. - IR from environmental sources

Natural or Background Radiation

also found throughout nature such as in soil, water, and vegetation.

Radioactive material

Natural or Background Radiation:

Terrestrial radiation Cosmic radiation Internal Radiation from Radioactive atoms (radionuclides)

from the sun (solar) and beyond the solar system (galactic)

Cosmic radiation

also known as radionuclides that make up a small percentage of the body's tissue.

Internal Radiation from Radioactive atoms

Ionizing radiation created by humans for various uses

Man-made (artificial)

Sources of artificial ionizing radiation include the following:

A. Air travel B. Nuclear fuel for generation of power C. Consumer products containing radioactive material D. Atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing E. Nuclear power plant accidents

Consumer products containing radioactive material

1920 - 1970 shoe fitting fluoroscopes Germany in the 1940s, Doramad Radithor

were used in shoe stores so that customers could see how well a pair of shoes fit before purchase.

shoe fitting fluoroscopes

In Germany in the 1940s, a radioactive “biologically effective toothpaste” The ionising radiation originating from this toothpaste, according to the advertisement, was supposed to massage the gums and refresh the whole mouth.

Doramad

Radioactive water, containing radium This was supposed to ease all kinds of diseases, including rheumatism, headaches, neuralgia, and constipation.

Radithor

who died 1932, because he had drunk twelve bottles of radiumwater every day, hoping to relieve the pain after an arm injury.

American golfer Eben Byers

Man-made (artificial)

Diagnostoc radiology Dental radiology Cardiovascular radiology Nuclear medicine Radiation oncology

-takes place when the radioactive source is located outside the body. - less dangerous.

External radiation exposure

occurs when the source of ionizing is radiation is located inside the organism, usually because of ingestion or inhalation of radioactive substances.

Internal radiation exposure

9. Making Observations 10. Exploring 11. Validating

To be certain that the transmitted message has been correctly received, it is necessary to obtain

Feedback

If the patient understands the message, he or she will respond in the manner anticipated. If the patient does not respond correctly, it is the radiographer’s responsibility to restate the message in the manner that is understood.

Feedback