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BIOL125 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of Anatomy?

A

‘cutting open’, structure of a body part

Anatomy involves the examination of the physical structure of organisms.

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2
Q

What does Physiology study?

A

study of how the body works; its function

Physiology focuses on the processes and mechanisms in living organisms.

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3
Q

Define Histology.

A

study of biological cells and tissues

Histology is crucial for understanding the organization of tissues and their functions.

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4
Q

What position is referred to as Supine?

A

horizontal position with face and upper body facing upwards

Supine position is commonly used in medical examinations and procedures.

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5
Q

What is the definition of Prone?

A

horizontal position with face and upper body facing downwards

Prone position is often used in various medical and therapeutic scenarios.

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

What is the most basic unit of life?

A

Cell

Cells are groups of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together.

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8
Q

Name the four types of tissues.

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Neural

Tissues consist of groups of cells that perform specific functions.

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9
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues working together

Organs perform specific functions and can be specialists like the heart.

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10
Q

What are organ systems?

A

A group of organs working together

Humans have 11 organ systems that coordinate various functions.

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11
Q

List three functions of organ systems.

A
  • Control/direct
  • Digest
  • Move

Organ systems have multiple functions including protecting, removing, reproducing, storing, supporting, and transporting.

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12
Q

True or False: The heart is an example of a multi-tasking organ.

A

False

The heart is considered a specialist organ, while skeletal muscle is an example of a multi-tasking organ.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: Organ systems work together to create a _______.

A

organism

In humans, organ systems collaborate to form a complete organism.

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14
Q

How many organ systems do humans have?

A

11

Each organ system has specific roles that contribute to the overall functioning of the body.

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15
Q

What is the role of tissues in organs?

A

Supplying organ functions

Tissues provide the necessary structure and function for organs to operate effectively.

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16
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Divides the body into left and right sides.

The sagittal plane can be further classified into midsagittal (equal halves) and parasagittal (unequal halves).

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17
Q

What does the frontal plane divide?

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back) parts.

Also known as the coronal plane.

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18
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

Divides the body into upper and lower portions.

This plane is also referred to as the horizontal plane.

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19
Q

What does the term ‘anterior’ or ‘ventral’ refer to?

A

The front of the body.

In human anatomy, ventral is often used interchangeably with anterior.

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20
Q

What does the term ‘posterior’ or ‘dorsal’ refer to?

A

The back of the body.

Dorsal is primarily used in reference to the back side of animals.

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21
Q

What does ‘superior’ or ‘cranial’ mean?

A

Higher or top position in relation to other body parts.

Superior indicates a position closer to the head.

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22
Q

What does ‘inferior’ or ‘caudal’ mean?

A

Lower or bottom position in relation to other body parts.

Inferior indicates a position closer to the feet.

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23
Q

What does ‘lateral’ mean?

A

Further away from the midline of the body.

Lateral movement is away from the centerline of the body.

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24
Q

What does ‘medial’ refer to?

A

Closer to the midline of the body.

Medial structures are located towards the center of the body.

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25
What does 'proximal' mean in anatomical terms?
Part on a limb closer to the attachment point. ## Footnote Proximal is used to describe a position nearer to the trunk of the body.
26
What does 'distal' mean?
Part on a limb further from the attachment point. ## Footnote Distal indicates a position further away from the trunk.
27
What does 'superficial' mean?
Closer to the surface of the body. ## Footnote Superficial structures are those located near the outer layer.
28
What does 'deep' refer to?
Further from the surface of the body. ## Footnote Deep structures are located further inside the body.
29
What does the nucleus contain?
DNA ## Footnote It controls cellular functions.
30
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
Modifies and transports proteins ## Footnote It is studded with ribosomes.
31
What enzymes does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) contain?
Synthesize proteins, steroid hormones, and break down glycogen into glucose ## Footnote Tubules are arranged in a looping network.
32
What are cilia?
Cellular extensions of plasma membrane ## Footnote They move substances in a particular direction.
33
What do microvilli do?
Increase surface area to facilitate nutrient absorption ## Footnote They are finger-like projections of the plasma membrane.
34
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Stacked and flattened membranous sacs ## Footnote It modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins.
35
What do peroxisomes do?
Break down and recycle damaged and abnormal proteins ## Footnote They are spherical membranous sacs containing enzymes.
36
What is the primary function of lysosomes?
Digest bacteria and damaged organelles ## Footnote They break down bone to release calcium ions into blood.
37
What is the cytoskeleton?
Network of proteins that supports the cell's structure
38
What are microfilaments?
Thin filaments involved in cell mobility and shape
39
What are intermediate filaments known for?
Most stable and permanent; resist tension
40
What do microtubules determine?
Overall shape of cell and distribution of cellular organelles
41
What is the role of ribosomes?
Site of protein synthesis ## Footnote Membranous sacs.
42
What do free ribosomes produce?
Soluble proteins for the cytosol
43
What do bound ribosomes produce?
Proteins bound for exportation from cell ## Footnote They are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
44
What is the primary function of mitochondria?
Generates ATP to power cell and give it energy ## Footnote Contains two membranes and its own DNA, RNA, and reproduction.
45
What does the centrosome generate?
Microtubules ## Footnote It organizes the mitotic spindle in cell division.
46
What are flagella?
Whip-like cellular extensions of plasma membrane ## Footnote Only sperm has flagella; they make the cell move.
47
What is the cytoplasm?
Cellular material between plasma membrane and nucleus ## Footnote It is the site of most cellular activity.
48
What does cytosol consist of?
Water, solutes, and suspended particles
49
What are organelles?
Own specific structure/function
50
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Controls movement of substances across cell membrane ## Footnote Examples include elimination of wastes and entry of ions and nutrients.
51
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
* Maintains composition of ICF and ECF * Determines movement of substances in/out of cells * Communicates with other cells and organs * Links adjacent cells ## Footnote ICF stands for intracellular fluid, and ECF stands for extracellular fluid.
52
What structural feature of the plasma membrane consists of hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic lipid tails?
Phospholipids ## Footnote Phospholipids are essential components of the plasma membrane, forming a bilayer.
53
What types of proteins are found in the plasma membrane?
* Peripheral proteins * Integral proteins ## Footnote Integral proteins can include channels, gates, pumps, and carriers, while peripheral proteins are associated with the membrane surface.
54
What are the roles of integral proteins in the plasma membrane?
* Channels * Gates * Pumps * Carrier proteins * Receptors * Anchoring proteins ## Footnote These proteins facilitate various functions such as transport and communication.
55
What characterizes the selective permeability of the plasma membrane?
Due to structure of membrane (lipid layer) ## Footnote Selective permeability allows the membrane to control which substances can enter or exit the cell.
56
What factors determine the selective permeability of the plasma membrane?
* Solubility * Size ## Footnote These factors influence whether substances can pass through the lipid bilayer.
57
What is passive transport?
Random motion and collisions of ions and molecules moving down an electrical/concentration gradient. NO ENERGY IS NEEDED.
58
What is active transport?
REQUIRES ENERGY in the form of ATP. Substances move against a concentration/electrical gradient.
59
What factors determine the entry of substances into a cell?
Size and shape, electrical charge, lipid solubility.
60
Define simple diffusion.
Movement of a molecule directly through the phospholipid bilayer from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration, down a concentration gradient.
61
What types of materials can undergo simple diffusion?
* Small, uncharged, lipid-soluble materials * Gases * Fatty acids * Steroid hormones
62
What is facilitated diffusion?
Movement of an ion or molecule from a higher concentration to a lower concentration via a channel/carrier protein.
63
What factors influence diffusion rates?
* Distance * Surface area * Molecular size * Temperature * Concentration gradient * Electrical force
64
Define osmosis.
Movement of water molecules from a high concentration gradient to a low concentration gradient.
65
What affects osmosis rates?
* Hydrostatic pressure * Osmotic pressure
66
What is primary active transport?
Movement of an ion or molecule from an area of lower concentration to an area of high concentration, using ATP.
67
What is secondary active transport?
Uses energy stored in ionic concentration gradient (derived from primary active transport).
68
What is vesicle transport?
Moves substances in membrane-bound compartments to and from the cell membrane.
69
List some substances commonly involved in active transport.
* Na+ * K+ * Ca2+ * Mg+2
70
What factors affect the rate of active transport?
* Availability of ATP * Availability of carrier protein * Availability of substrate
71
What is exocytosis?
The release of fluids/solids from the cell via intracellular vesicles. ATP is required.
72
What is endocytosis?
The packaging of extracellular materials into a vesicle for transport into the cell. ATP is required.
73
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Target molecules bind to receptor proteins on the membrane surface triggering vesicle formation.
74
What substances are involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Target molecules.
75
What factors affect the rate of receptor-mediated endocytosis?
The number of receptors on the plasma membrane and the concentration of target molecules.
76
Define pinocytosis.
Vesicles form at the plasma membrane and bring fluids and small molecules into the cell.
77
What substances are typically brought into the cell via pinocytosis?
Extracellular fluid, with dissolved molecules such as nutrients.
78
Define phagocytosis.
Vesicles form at the plasma membrane to bring solid particles into the cell.
79
What substances are typically involved in phagocytosis?
* Bacteria * Viruses * Cellular debris * Other foreign material
80
Hypertonicity
Fluid outside the cell has more salt than inside the cell. Water leaves the cell, and the cell shrinks
81
Isotonicity
Amount of salt is the same inside and outside the cell. Water moves in and out equally, and the cell stays the same size
82
Hypotonicity
Fluid outside the cell has less salt than inside the cell. Water enters the cell, and the cell can swell or even burst.

BIOL125 (2 decks)

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