Week 1 Flashcards by Tamsen Soto

A radiograph of an axiolateral (inferosuperior) projection reveals that there is an excessive amount of grid lines present. A 6:1 linear grid was used. Which of the following points will correct this problem on the repeat exposure?

Use a screen rather than a grid.

Decrease the SID.

Keep the image receptor and grid perpendicular to the femoral neck.

Keep the image receptor and grid parallel to the femoral neck and perpendicular to the CR.

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What muscle attaches at the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)?

Rectus femoris

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What is the small dimple on the lower back sometimes called?

Dimple of Venus

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Which gluteal lines correspond to gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus attachments?

Posterior, anterior, and inferior gluteal lines

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What is the spiky projection on the ischium called?

Ischial spine

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What is the large bump on the ischium that hamstrings attach to?

Ischial tuberosity

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What is the branch of the ischium called?

Ischial ramus

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What ligament connects the sacrum to the ischial spine?

Sacrospinous ligament

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What ligament connects the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity?

Sacrotuberous ligament

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What are the two parts of the pubic ramus?

Superior and inferior pubic ramus

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What is the pubic tubercle an attachment site for?

Inguinal ligament

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What forms the pubic symphysis?

Fibrocartilage wedge between pubic bones

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What bones make up the pelvis?

Two hip bones, one sacrum, one coccyx

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What does the greater (false) pelvis contain?

Abdominal organs and fetus during pregnancy

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What defines the pelvic inlet?

Superior pubic symphysis to sacral promontory

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What defines the pelvic outlet?

Ischial tuberosities and tip of the coccyx

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What is the main difference between male and female pelvis shapes?

Female pelvis is wider and rounder

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What structure is used to assess pelvic rotation in x-rays?

ASIS to tabletop distance

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What are the three parts of the acetabulum?

Anterior rim, posterior rim, and dome

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How is the femoral neck best visualized in AP view?

By internally rotating the leg 15–20 degrees

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Which projection shows the true lateral of the femur?

Lateral view with knee flexed 45 degrees

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What projection is used for hip trauma when the patient can’t move the leg?

Danelius-Miller (cross-table lateral)

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What is the Judet method used to evaluate?

Acetabular fractures and pelvic ring

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What does the inlet view best show?

Pelvic brim and inward/outward displacement

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What does the outlet view best show?

Elongated and magnified pubic and ischial bones

What is femoroacetabular impingement (FAI)?

Defect reducing smooth hip joint articulation, causes pain

What projection is contraindicated after hip replacement?

Frog-leg lateral

A patient comes to radiology with a request for a right hip study. He is from an extended care facility and is confused about the cause of the injury. The technologist takes an AP pelvis, and when the lateral frog-leg projection is attempted, the patient complains loudly about the pain in his affected hip. What should the technologist do to complete the study? Perform the anterior pelvis (Taylor) outlet projection. Perform the AP pelvis projection only. Perform the axiolateral (inferosuperior) projection. Continue to position the patient, but move the affected limb more gently.

Perform the axiolateral (inferosuperior) projection.

Select the correct gender to correspond with the following pelvic characteristics. Gynecoid pelvic inlet. Female Male

Female

What type of CR angle must be used for an AP axial (Taylor method) “outlet” projection for a male patient? 15- to 20-degree cephalad 20- to 35-degree caudad 20- to 35-degree cephalad 0 degree (CR perpendicular to the image receptor)

20- to 35-degree cephalad

What type of CR angle is required for the posterior axial oblique projection for the acetabulum (Teufel method)? 12-degree cephalad 15-degree cephalad 20- to 25-degree caudad 10-degree cephalad

12-degree cephalad

Select the correct gender to correspond with the following pelvic characteristics. Wider and shallow (platypelloid) general shape of pelvis: Female Male

Female

The term pelvic girdle refers to the total pelvis including the sacrum and coccyx. False True

False

Which of the following structures is not an aspect of the proximal femur? Fovea capitis Intertrochanteric crest Lesser trochanter Obturator foramen

Obturator foramen

The two bony landmarks that are palpated using the hip localization method are the: ASIS and the crest of ilium. ASIS and the symphysis pubis. symphysis pubis and the greater trochanter. ischial spine and the symphysis pubis.

ASIS and the symphysis pubis

Which of the following pathologic conditions often occurs in males older than the age of 45 years? Developmental dysplasia of the hip Chondrosarcoma Slipped capital femoral epiphysis Osteoporosis

Chondrosarcoma

How much CR angle, from the horizontal, is required for the modified axiolateral (Clements-Nakayama) projection? 5 to 10 degrees 15 to 20 degrees None. The IR must be kept perpendicular to the tabletop. 25 to 30 degrees

15 to 20 degrees

Less abduction of femora of only 20 to 30 degrees from vertical provides will minimize distortion of the femoral necks when performing the AP bilateral “frog-leg” projection. False True

True

Which bones fuse to form the acetabulum? Ilium and ischium Pubis, ilium, and sacrum Ischium, pubis, and ilium Ischium and pubis

Ischium, pubis, and ilium

Which of the following imaging modalities will best detect early signs of bone infection of the pelvis? MRI Radiography Nuclear medicine CT

Nuclear medicine

Gonadal shielding of the male patient for the AP pelvis projection requires that the top of the shield is not extended above the level of: the ASIS. the ischial spine. none of the options; gonadal shielding cannot be used due to possible covering of pertinent anatomy. the inferior margin of the symphysis pubis.

the inferior margin of the symphysis pubis

Which of the following pathologic conditions is a common type of aseptic or ischemic necrosis? Osteoarthritis Ankylosing spondylitis Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease Metastatic carcinoma

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease

What is the amount of abduction of the femurs recommended for an AP bilateral frog-leg (modified Cleaves) projection? 50 to 60 degrees 90 degrees 40 to 45 degrees 10 to 15 degrees

40 to 45 degrees

A radiograph of a unilateral frog-leg (modified Cleaves method) projection reveals that the femoral neck is foreshortened and distorted. The radiologist is concerned about pathology involving the neck. What can the technologist do to improve the visibility of the femoral neck without foreshortening during the repeat exposure? Increase the abduction of the femur to about 60 to 70 degrees from vertical. Decrease the abduction of the femur to 20 to 30 degrees from vertical. Oblique the patient 35 to 45 degrees toward the affected side with femur abducted to be in contact with tabletop. Use a 20- to 25-degree cephalad CR angle.

Decrease the abduction of the femur to 20 to 30 degrees from vertical.

Which of the labeled structures is the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)?

What type of CR angle is required for the AP axial, inlet projection? 10- to 15-degree cephalad 30-degree cephalad 20- to 30-degree caudad 40-degree caudad

40-degree caudad

Why must the lower limbs be rotated 15 to 20 degrees internally for AP pelvis projection (nontrauma)? To place the fovea capitis into a profiled position To place the femoral necks parallel to the image receptor To open up the femoroacetabular joint To separate the greater trochanters from the lesser trochanter

To place the femoral necks parallel to the image receptor

Select the correct gender to correspond with the following pelvic characteristics. An 80- to 85-degree angle of pubic arch. Female Male

Female

Which of the following structures is considered to be most inferior or distal? Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Neck Fovea capitis

Lesser trochanter

What material is the anode made of?

Tungsten, because it can handle high heat.

What is the purpose of the warm-up procedure?

To gradually warm up the anode to prepare it for exposures.

What is the typical warm-up sequence?

50 at 1, 6 at 2, 7 at 3 with one-minute intervals between.

Why should you not double-tap the exposure button?

It may cause rotor failure or thermal stress on the anode.

What is the purpose of the prep button?

To spin the anode and heat the filament before exposure.

What are the cooling times for low, moderate, and high exposures?

10-20 sec (low), 30-60 sec (moderate), 2-5 min (high).

What is the cooling time if the tube overheats?

15 to 30 minutes.

How are heat units calculated?

HU = kVp × mA × time × correction factor.

What is the correction factor for a 3-phase machine?

1.35

What is the correction factor for a single-phase machine?

1.0

What does filtration do?

Removes low energy x-rays that increase patient dose and don't improve image quality.

What are compensating filters used for?

To even out density differences in uneven body parts.

What is a wedge filter used for?

AP projections of hips, knees, and ankles.

What is a trough filter used for?

AP projection of the thoracic spine.

What is the purpose of added filtration?

To absorb low-energy photons and reduce skin dose.

How do you calculate mAs?

mA × time = mAs.

What happens if you increase mAs?

Increases density and patient dose.

What technique helps reduce motion blur?

Use high mA and short exposure time.

What does the 15% rule state?

Increase kVp by 15% = doubling mAs; Decrease kVp by 15% = halve mAs.

Where is the more intense radiation from the anode or cathode?

Cathode side.

Where should the thicker part of the patient be placed relative to the tube?

Toward the cathode side.

Week 1 Flashcards

(72 cards)