Week 1 - 2024

Question 1

INDEPENDENT WORK 1 OVERVIEW ONLY

Question 2

FÖR INTRESSE OCH PURPOSE
Why is Latin used in medicine?

Relation to medicine

Answer 2

Universal language for doctors, unchanged unlike e.g english, tradional latin language

father of medicine Hippocrates in ancient Greece - big progress. Before we thought evil spirits were the cause-he explained the cause naturally- used modern methods of treatment- Tbx t rome, claudius celsus … translated his books into latin- introduced into medicine

Question 3

Basic things to keep in mind:
24 letters, 6 vowels and 18 consonants.

There are short and long vowels (not marked in medicine)

Dipthongs that are pronounced in a specific way

Question 4

Terms for this course that are needed for context
1. Diphtongs
2. Syllables
3. Stress
4. Phonetics
5. Declension

Answer 4

1. Diphthongs are two vowels pronunced as a single syllable. Examples are: ae, oe, au, eu
2. A syllable is a part of the word containing a vowel.
3. One of the syllables in a word is always more accentuated than
   the others. We say that the syllable is stressed.
4. Declension is the changing of the form of a word.

Question 5

LALLISH
How to pronounce (I) in different situations?

How to pronounce (U) in different situations?

Question 6

Latin words can be divided into syllables
One syllable can have:

Generally speaking what can we say about when we guess how many syllables are in a word?

Answer 6

Either one vowel e.g.
fo-ve-a

Or one diphthong e.g.
di-ae-ta

Generally, there are as many syllables in a word as many vowels and
diphthongs are in this word.

Question 7

General rules (obs räkna från höger t vänster)
Lägga in i flashcards?

Question 8

A syllable is long if:

Answer 8

• diphtong in 2nd syllable
• If 2nd syllable is closed (ends in consonant and there is another consonant after)
• Or suffixes (see image)

Question 9

A syllable is short if:

Answer 9

OBS memorisera short o uteslutningsmetoden sen för long

Question 10

In latin the word stress is never where?

Answer 10

On the last syllable

Question 11

Practise reading these anatomical terms:
OBS put these into google translate and listen- become a true roman emperor!

1. costa fluctuans
2. vertebra thoracica
3. columna vertebralis
4. processus articularis superior
5. tuberculum anterius
6. facies articularis anterior
7. sulcus arteriae vertebralis
8. nucleus pulposus
9. anulus fibrosus
10. ligamentum longitudinale anterius
11. juncturae columnae vertebralis et cranii
    II
12. articulatio atlantooccipitalis
13. canalis vertebralis
14. sulcus costovertebralis minor
15. incisurae costales
16. ligamentum capitis costae
17. articulatio capitis costae
18. spatia intercostalia
19. apertura thoracis superior
20. angulus infrasternalis
21. fissura sterni
    III
22. processus accessorius
23. arcus posterior atlantis
24. lineae transversae
25. eminentia cruciformis
26. facies anterior
27. os triquetrum
28. basis patellae
29. recessus sacciformis
30. spatia interossea metacarpi
31. labium superius
32. pancreas accessorium
33. regio respiratoria
34. bifurcatio tracheae

Question 12

In powerpoint “Latin word and stress accent” we are told to memorise these words and how to pronounce:

medicus – short i,
medicīna – long ī,
tunica – short i,
vesīca – long ī,
lamina – short i,
vagīna – long ī,
capitis – short i.

Question 13

Words on the textbook p. 8-9
(Homework from lesson 1)

OBS! Latin nouns have grammatical gender. Their gender is determined by the ending of Nominative singular.
Thus,
nouns ending in –a are feminine: costa (rib);
nouns ending in –us are masculine: digitus (finger),

nouns ending in –um
are neuter: ligamentum (ligament), etc.

1st Declension nouns:
1 (wing)
2. (opening)
3. (artery)
4. (aorta, main artery of body)
5. (capsule, membrane or saclike)
6. (rib)
7. (hip)
8. (crest)
9. (column)
10. (shallow depression or cavity)
11. (fibula, splint-bone)
12. (gland)
13. (notch)
14. (plate)
15. (tongue, language)
16. (line)
17. (lower jaw)
18. (upper jaw)
19. (nape of neck)
20. (shoulder blade, scapula)
21. (spine, linear elevation, ridge, crest)
22. (shinbone, tibia)
23. (vertebra)
24. (small valve)

2nd Declensin nouns:
25. (angle)
26. (upper arm)
27. (brain)
28. (circle)
29. (elbow)
30. (small canal)
31. (cavity)
32. (colon)
33. (circle)
34. (neck)
35. (back)
36. (lip)
37. (member, extremity)
38. (muscle)
39. (nose)
40. (radius)
41. (rectum)
42. (furrow or groove)
43. (tubercle, small rounded swelling)

3rd Declension nouns
44. (bone)
45. (mouth)

4th Declension nouns
46. (knee)

Answer 13

1. ala, ae f (wing)
2. apertura, ae f (opening)
3. arteria, ae f (artery)
4. aorta, ae f (aorta, main artery of body)
5. capsula, ae f (capsule, membrane or saclike)
6. costa, ae f (rib)
7. coxa, ae f (hip)
8. crista, ae f (crest)
9. columna, ae f (column)
10. fossa, ae f (shallow depression or cavity)
11. fibula, ae f (fibula, splint-bone)
12. glandula, ae f (gland)
13. incisura, ae f (notch)
14. lamina, ae f (plate)
15. lingua, ae (tongue, language)
16. linea, ae f (line)
17. mandibula, ae f (lower jaw)
18. maxilla, ae f (upper jaw)
19. nucha, ae f (nape of neck)
20. scapula, ae f (shoulder blade, scapula)
21. spina, ae f (spine, linear elevation, ridge, crest)
22. tibia, ae f (shinbone, tibia)
23. vertebra, ae f (vertebra)
24. valvula, ae f (small valve)

2nd Declensin nouns:
25. angulus, i m (angle)
26. brachium, i n (upper arm)
27. cerebrum, i n (brain)
28. circulus, i m (circle)
29. cubitus, i m (elbow)
30. canaliculus, i m (small canal)
31. cavum, i n (cavity)
32. colon, i n (colon)
33. circulus, i m (circle)
34. collum, i n (neck)
35. dorsum, i n (back)
36. labium. i n (lip)
37. membrum, i n (member, extremity)
38. musculus, i m (muscle)
39. nasus, i m (nose)
40. radius, i m (radius)
41. rectum, i n (rectum)
42. sulcus, i m (furrow or groove)
43. tuberculum, i n (tubercle, small rounded swelling)

3rd Declension nouns
44. os, ossis n (bone)
45. os, oris n (mouth)

4th Declension nouns
46. genu, us n (knee)

Question 14

How to prounce amoeba,

specifically the diphtong (oe)

Question 15

Insert words from “Listening to latin words” since many are common such as thorax?

Question 16

Cranialis

Answer 16

cranialis - towards the head

caudalis - towards the tail

medianus - in the midline

medialis - close to the midline lateralis - close to the side

lateralis - close to the side

proximalis - closer to the trunk or closer to another specified point

distalis - farther from the trunk or from another specified point

internus - inward, nearer the inside, inner

externus - outward, hence, further from the inside

superior - above, upper

inferior - below, lower

ventralis - towards the belly side

dorsalis - towards the back

anterior - towards the front

posterior - towards the backside

sagittalis - relating to the sagittal plane (front-back or back-front
direction)

frontalis - relating to the forehead or frontal bone

horizontalis - horizontal

superficialis - closer to the surface;
superficial

profundus - farther from the surface;
deep

dexter - right side

sinister - left side

skeleton - skeleton

os, ossa - bone, bones

pars - part

paries - wall

facies - surface

margo - margin

fossa - trench, an anatomical
depression, hollow area

fovea - pit (usually smaller than fossa)

incisura - notch

foramen - opening

sulcus - groove

Question 17

Ord baxade från anatomy lesson 1

Vertebrae
Costae
Appendicular
Sternum
Pars
Cervical
Coccygea
Lumbalis
Sacralis/sacria
Thoracica
Arcus
Corpus
Foramen
Incisura vertebrae superior
Incisura vertebrae inferior
Proccesus
Facies
Transversus
Spinosus
Tuberculumn
Anterior
Interior
Fovea dentis
Sulcus
Massa lateralis
Transversarium o transversus
Apex
et
caroticum
Costal facet
Bassis
ossis sacri
Promontorium
Lineae
Mediana
Cornu
Hiatris
Canalis
Auricularis
Os ex os coccygis
verea
spuriae
Caput
Collum
Interna
Externa
Margo
Angulus
Manubrium
xiphoideus
jugularis
clavicularis

digitus
tibia
articulatio
vertebra
ligamentum
gangraena
Facies