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Psychology & Health > Week 1-4 > Flashcards

Week 1-4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: Health Psychology

A

Is the study of psychological and behavioural processes in health, illness and healthcare

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2
Q

Define: Psychology

A

Is the scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behaviour

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3
Q

Name the 4 behavioural risk factors that cause NCD’s

A

Tobacco
Unhealthy diet
Insufficient physical activity
Harmful use of alcohol

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4
Q

Define: Behavioural Pathogens

A

behaviour that increases the risk of incidence of illness and disease

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5
Q

Define: Behavioural Immunogen

A

behaviour that decreases the risk of illness or disease

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6
Q

Name the behavioural, emotional, cognitive and environmental factors that cause obesity

A

Culture
Family eating patterns
Lack of positive role models
Sedentary lifestyle
Lack of physical activity
Use food as a coping strategy (emotional eating) ¡ Beliefs around food
Overeating (portion size)
Eating the wrong food (high fat).

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7
Q

Give examples: Negative health effects of Excessive Alcohol

A 
Minimal behaviour change
Intoxication
Stupor
Coma
Death
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8
Q

Give an example: Alcohol treatments

A

In-patient treatment
Alcoholics anonymous
Counselling and psychotherapy
Cognitive behavioural therapies

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9
Q

A 2010 survey showed Australian smoking rate has fallen to…

A

16.6%

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10
Q

Give reasons why people start Smoking

A 
Modelling
Social pressure, social learning and reinforcement
Weight control
Attitudes towards smoking
Risk taking/problem behaviours
Health cognitions
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11
Q

Why do people continue smoking?

A

Pleasure or enjoyment of it
Habit
Stress management/ coping mechanism
Low self efficacy

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12
Q

Give examples: Negative consequences of unprotected sex

A

Pregnancy
Sexual transmitted disease
HIV/Aids

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13
Q

Who uses condoms more commonly: young people or older people

A

Young people

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14
Q

Who tends to use condoms less often: Females or Males

A

females

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15
Q

When is condom use greatest for both males and females?

A

when with a new partner

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16
Q

Give examples: Barriers to condom use

A 
Embarrassment
Not wanting to purchase condoms
Interrupts sex
Pressure not to use them
Social stigma's
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17
Q

What is the Vegetable serving size

A

75g- 1/2 cup cooked or 1 cup raw

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18
Q

What is the Fruit serving size

A

150g- 2 pieces of small fruit

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19
Q

What are the main barriers to eating fruit and vegetable?

A
  • Lack of knowledge and skills for preparing and cooking such items
  • Length of preparation time
  • Many consumers were reluctant to assume a vegetarian diet because of concerns about lack of nutrients and iron in a meat free diet
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20
Q

Give reasons: why people Exercise

A
  • Desire for physical fitness
    —- Desire to lose weight/change body shape and
    appearance
  • Desire to maintain or enhance health status
  • Desire to improve self image and mood
    —- As a means of stress reduction
  • As a social activity
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21
Q

Name the psychological benefits of Exercise

A
  • Reduced anxiety
    —- Reduced depression
  • Stress relief and enhanced mood
  • Natural pain killer
  • Reduced feelings of tension
    —- Heightened self-esteem and self- image
    —- Increased levels of pro-social behaviour
    —- Delayed neuronal degeneration, which underlies cognitive decline in dementia
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22
Q

Name the Negative consequences of Exercise

A
  • can become compulsive, and may produce dependence.
    —- withdrawal effects of guilt and irritability may occur.
    —- Long-term excessive exercise can lead to muscle wasting and weight loss.
  • for previously inactive individuals, dramatic exercise may lead to injury and/or aversion to exercise.
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23
Q

Give examples: Barriers to Exercise

A

Lack of time
—Cost
—Lack of access to appropriate facilities and equipment
—Embarrassment
—Lack of self-belief
—Lack of someone to go with/support
Perceived behavioural control
Behavioural intention
Habit

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24
Q

What are the 2 purposes of Health Screening

A

Screening for disease detection

Screening for risk factors

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25
Name some Behavioural barriers to Health Screening
Lower levels of education and income Age (e.g. younger women tend not to attend risk-factor screening) Lack of knowledge Embarrassment Fear Lack of self-belief (self-efficacy) in terms of being able to practise self- examination correctly
26
Name the 2 reasons for applying models
- To theoretically understand the area under consideration, - To plan interventions.
27
Define: Self-efficacy
the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the sources of action required to manage prospective situations
28
What does the Protection Motivation Theory do?
Describes adaptive and maladaptive coping due to a health threat as a result of two appraisal processes Threat appraisal Coping appraisal
29
What are Maladaptive coping responses?
are those that place an individual at health risk
30
Give examples: Maladaptive coping responses
Avoidance Denial Fatalism Wishful thinking | Hopelessness
31
Define: Critical thinking
Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action.
32
Define: Systematic review
a systematic review is a literature review focused on a research question that tries to identify, appraise, select and synthesize all high quality research evidence relevant to that question.
33
Define: Meta-analysis
comprises statistical methods for contrasting and combining results from different studies to identify patterns among study results, sources of disagreement among those results, or other interesting relationships that may come to light in the context of multiple studies
34
Define: Eustress
demands for adjustment from positive events
35
Define: Distress
Demands for adjustment from negative events
36
Define: Stress
a discrepancy between the needs of a situation and an individual's resources (inc. biological, psychological and social in a person/environment transaction)
37
Define: Stressor
are stimuli in the environment that require a person to make some form of adaption or adjustment
38
What can psychological responses to stress be measured by?
Maslash Stress and Burnout Scale
39
(psychology and health) Define: Determinant
a factor that increases the risk of illness or disease
40
Define: Protective factor
a factor that decreases the associated risk
41
Define: Vulnerability factor
a factor that increases the associated risk
42
Name the 2 Moderators of stress
Intrapersonal | Extrapersonal
43
Define: Intrapersonal Moderator of stress
Consist of dispositions, abilities, skills and knowledge that can be utilised in the presence of a stressor.
44
Define: Extrapersonal
Consist of factors external to the individual that can be utilised in the presence of a stressor
45
Name the 5 Forms of Control within the intrapersonal moderator
``` Behavioural control Cognitive control Decisional control Informational control Personal control ```
46
Define: External Locus of Control
perception that control of events is outside the influence of the individual
47
Define: Internal Locus of Control
perception that control of events lies with the individual.
48
Name 3 stress buffering traits
Commitment Control Challenge
49
Stress buffering trait Define: Commitment
believing it is important to stay involved with people and events even if stressful and that withdrawal is a waste of time
50
Stress buffering trait Define: Control
wanting to influence outcomes no matter how hard it is to do so, so that slipping into passivity seems like a mistake
51
Stress buffering trait Define: Challenge
seeing stress as a normal part of living and opportunity to grow
52
What is explanatory style?
A person’s propensity to attribute positive or negative causes i.e. How a person explains certain life events
53
What is dispositional optimism
An optimistic nature can motivate people to cope more effectively with stress and consequently reduce risk of illness.
54
What are Biotypes?
Personality trait specifically associated with a disease state.
55
What is a disease-prone personality
predisposition to develop disease as a result of ineffective coping styles
56
Give an example: Vulnerability factor
absence of material resources- may increase likelihood of disease
57
Give examples: Extrapersonal factors
Material resources | Social support
58
Name the 4 types of social support
- Emotional support - Esteem/appraisal support - Informational support - Instrumental/tangible support
59
When is social support not helpful?
When it is - not wanted - Inadequate - not what is needed at the time
60
Give examples: Coping Strategies for Stress
``` Exercise Relaxation training Creative Pursuits Hypnosis Cognitive therapies ```
61
List the components in Stress Inoculation Training
Reconceptualisation- reframe source of stress to psychological factors Skills Acquisition- learn relaxation and controlled breathing Follow Through- using coping skills in everyday life
62
Models Define: the Health Belief Model
Includes self-efficacy
63
Model Define: Theory of Reasoned Action
Based on the belief that a person's intention to perform a certain health behaviour is shaped body 2 factors- personal beliefs and social influences
64
Model Define: Theory of Planned Behaviour
To improve ability to address non-volition all behaviours
65
Model Define: Stages of Change Model
Pre-contemplation - Contemplation - Determination/Preparation - Action - Maintenance - Relapse
66
Model Define: Health Action Process Approach
Was developed to apply to all health-compromising and health-enhancing behaviours
67
To change health related behaviours, it requires what 2 separate processes?
Motivation- an intention to change is developed Volition- change must be planned, initiated, and maintained, and relapse must be managed
68
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Psychology & Health (4 decks)

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