Week 1 Flashcards
(88 cards)
What term deals with how the drug is made (dosage form determines the rate of drug dissolution)
Pharmaceutics
What does pharmacokinetics means?
Its the study of the movement of drugs throughout the body and what the body does to the drug. “ADME” (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion)
“Absorption” with regards to pharmacokinetics means
relates to route of administration (enteral; parenteral, topical)
Bio-Availability, with regards to absorption, means
the amount of drug that actually reaches circulation.
Describe the “First Pass Effect”
First Pass Effect is when the Liver encounters the drug before it enters the system. This effect only takes place with drugs administered PO (by mouth). Oral doses of drugs are absorbed into the GI tract and metabolized by the liver, resulting in a reduced amount of bioavailability or active drug in the circulatory system. Enteral absorption from intestine –> Portal circulation (connects small intestines to Liver) –> Hepatic Portal Vein –> central vein –> hepatic vein –> inferior vena cava–> heart –> body. Drugs administered parenterally (IV) will have 100% initial bio-availability because they bypass the liver.
Pharmacodynamics means
“therapeutic effects” or the way the drugs act on the body
What is the slowest absorption route by mouth, what is the fastest absorption route
Extended release tablet is the slowest and sublingual absorption route is the fastest.
Are Elixir, Tablets and capsules affected by the First Pass Effect?
YES, NOT affected are IV, sublingual, transdermal patch, suppository
Describe Half-life?
The time it takes for a drug to lose 50% of its strength in systemic circulation.
Distribution, with regards to pharmacokinetics is
how the drug travels throughout the body. Plasma (yellow fluid part of blood that hold the cells), Interstitial fluid (fluid in tissues between cells), Intracellular fluid (fluid within cells), Transcellular fluid (part of extracellular fluid)
The heart and Liver are areas of fast or slow distribution?
fast distribution
Muscle, fat, and skin are areas of fast or slow distribution?
Slow distribution.
What can happen if a person is taking a protein binding drug and they have low protein levels?
They can build up a toxic level of the drug because more of the drug will be free floating and not bound to proteins.
Metabolism, in regards to phamacokinetics, means
Use and transformation of drugs so that they can be excreted from the body.
How are drugs metabolized and excreted in the body
In the Liver and KIdneys
Why are neonates/infants have decreased or poor metabolism and excretion of drugs?
Because they have immature liver and kidneys.
many drugs are bio-transformed through what enzyme that forms fat soluble metabolites that are easy to eliminate
Cytochrome P450.
What does fast/slow acetylators mean?
an organism that acetylates a substance during metabolism —used especially to describe the rate at which a person acetylates certain drugs (such as isoniazid, hydralazine, or sulfamethazine) in the body
What are the different ways a drug can be excreted from the body
Liver, Kidneys (urine), hair, skin, breath, saliva, perspiration, feces, milk, bile
Schedule I drugs are
Drugs with no accepted medical use. illegal drugs like heroin, LSD, Cannabis
Schedule II drugs are
High potential for abuse - may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. Examples of Schedule II drugs Hydromorphone (Diluadid), Methadone (dolophine) meperidine (demerol), oxycodone (OxyContin Percocet) and fentanyl (sublimaze, duragesic), morphine, opium, and codeine
Schedule III drugs are
potential for abuse less than substances in Schedules I or II and abuse may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence. Examples drugs containing less than 15mg of hydrocodone per dose (vicodin), products containing less than 90 mg of codeine per dose (Tylenol with Codeine)
Schedule IV drugs are
Low potential for abuse relative to substances in Schedule III. examples alprazolam (xanax), carisoprodol (soma), clonazepam (klonopin), diazepam (valium), lorazepam (ativan), midazolam (versed), temazepam (restoril) and triazolam (halcion)
Schedule V drugs are
low potential for abuse relative to substances listed in Schedule IV. Examples cough preparations containing less than 200 mg of codeine per 100 ml or per 100 g (phenergan with codeine)
