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ArterialClass > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What disease is the primary enemy for RVTs? What does RVT stand for?

A

Atherosclerosis, Registered Vascular Technologist

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2
Q

Name the 4 major areas of diagnostic medical ultrasound

A

Vascular, Cardiac, General, Musculoskeletal

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3
Q

Name General circulation steps from the Left Ventricle to the Left Atrium

A

L. Ventricle, Aorta, Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins, Vena Cava, R. Atrium, R. Ventricle, Pulmonary Artery, Lungs, Pulmonary Vein, L. Atrium

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4
Q

Define “Tunica”

A

a membrane or layer of body tissue

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5
Q

Name the 3 layers of the arterial wall starting with the most interior

A

Intima, Media, Adventitia

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6
Q

Name 4 characteristics of the Intima

A
  • Very thin inner layer
  • single layer of endothelial cells
  • Permeable (allows for nutrient and molecule exchange)
  • Anti-thrombogenic
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7
Q

Define “Anti-trombogenic”

A

Prevents platelets and monocytes from sticking to the wall and forming a thrombus

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8
Q

What is the thickest layer of the arterial wall?

A

The Media

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9
Q

What is the Media layer made up of?

A

Smooth muscle and connective tissue

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10
Q

What two actions does the media layer allow arteries to perform?

A

Constriction and dilation

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11
Q

What makes the Adventitia layer so strong?

A

White fibrous connective tissue and collagen fibers

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12
Q

Muscle and elastic fibers give Arteries 2 important properties: ______________ and ____________.

A

Elasticity and Contractillity

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13
Q

What forces blood downstream as the ventricles relax?

A

Elastic recoil of Arteries

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14
Q

Why do arties expand upon ventricular contraction?

A

to accommodate the extra rush of blood

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15
Q

What are the 4 types of arteries?

A
  • Large vessels (elastic arteries)
  • Medium arteries (muscular arteries)
  • Arterioles (resistance vessels)
  • Capillaries (functioning vessels)
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16
Q

What is the interconnected network that provides for constant blood flow?

A

the capillary bed

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17
Q

Name the term for when an artery branches into two arteries

A

Bifurcation

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18
Q

Name the 3 Arterial Segments of the LE

A

Aorto-Iliac (AI), Femoral-Popliteal (FP), Infrapopliteal (or Tibial, IP)

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19
Q

Which of these arteries does NOT carry oxygenated blood?

a. Aorta
b. Internal iliac artery
c. Pulmonary artery
d. Arterioles

A

C. Pulmonary Artery

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20
Q

Match the following and choose the correct answer for the group.

Structure Match to definition Definition

  1. Media A. Inner layer
  2. Lumen B. Outer layer
  3. Adventitia C. Middle layer
  4. Intima D. Opening inside tube

a. C,D,A,B
b. D,C,A,B
c. A,B,C,D
d. C,D,B,A

A

D. C,D,B,A

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21
Q

Which of these arterial layers is very thin and includes a single layer of endothelial cells?

a. Intima,
b. Media
c. Adventitia
d. Tunica

A

A. Intima

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22
Q

Which arterial layer is thickest and has the most elastic quality?

a. Intima,
b. Media
c. Adventitia
d. Tunica

A

B. Media

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23
Q

Which arterial layer is the strongest?

a. Intima
b. Media
c. Adventitia
d. Tunica

A

C. Adventitia

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24
Q

Which of these arteries feeds the thigh muscles?

a. Internal iliac
b. Common femoral
c. Superficial femoral
d. Deep (profunda) femoral

A

D. Deep (profunda) femoral

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25
The distal end of the common femoral artery is at which of these locations? a. External iliac b. Inguinal ligament c. SFA/DFA split d. Popliteal
C. SFA/DFA split
26
The popliteal artery ends at which of these locations? a. SFA b. ATA origin c. PTA origin d. PER A origin
B. ATA Origin
27
Where is the common femoral artery relative to the common femoral vein? a. Lateral to vein b. Medial to vein c. Superficial to vein d. Deep to vein
A Lateral to vein
28
Which structure indicates the end of the external iliac and the origin of the common femoral artery? a. Common femoral bifurcation b. Inguinal ligament c. Iliac artery bifurcation
B. Inguinal Ligament
29
The SFA ends at the _____________________ canal.
Adductor
30
Name 8 risk factors for developing Atherosclerosis
Age, Male, Family Hx, Smoking, Obesity, HTN, HLD, DM
31
Name 4 major symptoms from peripheral arterial obstruction from atherosclerosis
Claudication, Ulcers, Rest Pain, Gangrene
32
What is the most common disease in the lower extremity arteries? a. Atherosclerosis c. Dissections b. Aneurysms d. DVT
A. Atherosclerosis
33
If a patient complains of pain in the leg when they walk, which of the following questions is the LEAST IMPORTANT question to ask to further describe the symptoms? a. How far can you walk before you need to stop? What causes you to stop? b. Does the pain go away once you stop a while? c. Which leg and what part of the leg is affected? d. Do you have shortness of breath?
D. Do you have shortness of breath?
34
If a patient has claudication in his left calf at 2-blocks, what is the likely location of his arterial obstruction? a. Aorto-iliac b. Femoral-popliteal c. Tibial d. Pedal (foot)
B. Femoral-Popliteal
35
If a patient complains of her entire right lower extremity getting extremely weak after walking only a half block, what is the likely location of the obstruction? a. Aorto-iliac b. Femoral-popliteal c. Tibial d. Pedal (foot)
A. Aorto-Iliac
36
What is the most common location for atherosclerosis in the LE? a. Proximal thigh b. Distal thigh c. Behind knee d. Calf
B. Distal thigh
37
Which of these is not a typical sign of true LE rest pain from arterial ischemia? a. Very severe pain b. Located in feet and/or toes c. Early sign is pain in the foot at night d. Elevating the leg alleviates the pain e. Foot is ice cold
D. Elevating the leg alleviates the pain
38
Pulses are typically palpated in all of the following locations in the LE EXCEPT __________. a. CFA b. SFA c. POP A d. PTA e. DPA
B. SFA
39
Define Atherosclerosis
athero - artery | schlerosis - hard
40
Where does AS most commonly occur in the LE?
the distal thigh (adductor canal)
41
Where causes artery walls to become harder, thicker, and less elastic?
Plaque build up which blocks blood flow and deprives tissues of O2 and nutrients
42
Where does plaque typically build up?
Bifurcations
43
What is plaque made up of?
Cholesterol/fat, Ca 2+, Smooth muscle cells, Necrotic Cell debris
44
Symptoms of AS occur at the plaque build up location. T/F
False. Symptoms will occur distally to plaque build up location.
45
What causes symptoms of AS?
Tissues not getting enough nutrients or O2
46
What does PAD stand for?
Peripheral Arterial Disease
47
What are the symptoms of PAD?
Claudication, Rest Pain, Ulceration, Gangrene
48
What causes the pain of claudication?
Increased O2 and nutrient demand of muscle cells due to exercise
49
Claudication pain can occur from standing or sitting as well as exercise. T/F
False. Only from working the muscles
50
Where are common locations for Claudication pain?
the muscles of calf, thigh, hip, buttock
51
If claudication pain occurs in the distal leg or foot, the obstruction is probably located where?
The Tibial or infrapopliteal segment
52
If claudication pain occurs in the buttock, hip and thigh, the obstruction is probably located where?
the aorto-iliac segment
53
If claudication pain occurs in the calf, the obstruction is probably located where?
the femoral-popliteal segment
54
What term means "opposite side"
contralateral
55
Give some characteristics of Pseudoclaudication
- brought on by standing or sitting - pain down side or back of LE, knee or ankle - Sharp, shooting pain (rather than cramping)
56
When does Rest pain occur?
when blood flow is insufficient to maintain normal cell function at rest
57
What is the term for "deficient supply of blood to a tissue due to obstruction of flow"?
Ischemia
58
Give some characteristics of Rest Pain
- Typically located in foot and toes - pain is severe and unrelenting - relief by hanging foot off of bed - indication of multi-segment obstructions
59
What are the "end stage" symptoms of arterial obstruction?
Ulcers and Gangrene
60
What 5 things should be assessed during a sonographer's physical exam?
Color, Swelling, Lesions, Skin Appearance, Pulses
61
Define "Pallor"
White/pale color due to low blood supply
62
Define "Rubor"
Dark red color due to damaged or dilated vessels
63
Define "Cyanosis"
Blue color due to concentration of deoxygenated HgB
64
What is "Blue toe syndrome"
a painful blue toe resulting from a microemboli at the toe or foot level
65
Patients with rest pain will often also present with what other symptom?
icy cold foot
66
Name three trophic changes
- Scale-like, shiny, or dry skin - Hair loss - Thickened toe nails
67
What's the difference between arterial and venous ulcers?
``` Arterial = very painful, feet and toes, No swelling Venous = not painful, gaiter area, Swelling surrounds the ulcer ```
68
pulse sites
Aorta, CFA, POPA, DPA and PTA, Brachial, Abdominal
69
``` Pulse Scale 0 = ______________ 1 = _______________ 2 = ______________ 3 = ______________ 4+ = ______________ ```
``` 0 = no pulse 1 = weak pulse 2 = good pulse 3 = strong pulse 4+ = bounding pulse ```
70
Define "bruit"
sound caused by vibrations in the tissue due to turbulent flow at a narrowed artery, sound increases with decreased lumen size
71
Absence of a bruit indicates an absence of a blockage. T/F
False. A completely occluded artery will NOT produce a bruit.
72
All other components of the circulatory system exist only to serve the _______________.
Capillary beds
73
Buttock claudication strongly suggests a blockage in ______________ segment
aortoiliac
74
Thigh claudication strongly suggests a blockage in the _____________ segment
distal external iliac / common femoral
75
The five Ps for Acute Arterial occlusion are
Pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, and paralysis (polar for cold) (purplish for cyanosis)
76
Beebe's nemonic for Physical Exam | CTL CT EL =
``` Color Temperature Lesions Capillary filling Trophic changes Elevation dependency ```

ArterialClass (10 decks)

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