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PHPM > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Rests on the values or beliefs accepted by a particular society or group without systematic reflection or an attempt at justification

A

Morality

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2
Q

Focuses on the reasons why an action is considered right or wrong. It requires the rational justification of positions and beliefs.

A

Ethics

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3
Q

Semi-autonomous group of skilled individuals who posses similar credentials, standers of behavior, and motivation to serve. (3 rules of membership)

A

Profession

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4
Q

Describes the extent to which members of a profession maintain a level of conduct equal or above an ethical threshold determined by the profession and accepted by society

A

Professionalism

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5
Q

5 Essential attributes of a professional

A

Equanimity, Accountability, Self-Assurance, Respect, Impartiality

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6
Q

Describes how an individual perceives their own please within the ranks of a profession and publicizes this perception to the outside world

A

Professional identity

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7
Q

Requirements for formulating an ethical question

A

Clear, focused, specific, forward-looking, and action-oriented

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8
Q

Formula for ethical question

A

Given the conflict between consideration 1 and consideration 2, is it ethically permissible to decision or action?

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9
Q

3 categories of ethical action

A

Obligatory, permissible, prohibited

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10
Q

Problem representation (one sentence) description of a case to guide diagnostic reasoning. Will evolve with additional information.

A

Problem representation

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11
Q

Principles of health care ethics

A

Beneficence, respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, justice

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12
Q

Freedom to live according to one’s values

A

Autonomy

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13
Q

Acting to promote another’s best interest

A

Beneficence

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14
Q

One ought not to inflict evil or harm

A

Non-maleficence

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15
Q

Protect patients from discrimination and exploitation

A

Justice

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16
Q

Two ways population health is being see

A

Public health perspective, delivery system perspective

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17
Q

Componentes of Three-Legged Stool

A

Access, cost, and quality

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18
Q

US hospital beds per 1000

A

2.8

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19
Q

Physicians per 1000

A

2.6

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20
Q

Primary care physicians in US

A

43%

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21
Q

GDP spent on healthcare

A

17.8%

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22
Q

Spending per capita

A

$9,403

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23
Q

MRIs per 1000 people

A

118

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24
Q

Spending per person on pharma

A

$1,143

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25
Q

Amount spent on administration

A

8%

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26
Q

Average GP salary

A

$218,000

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27
Q

Life expectancy

A

78.8

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28
Q

Infant deaths per 1000

A

5.8

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29
Q

Maternal deaths per 100k

A

26.4

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30
Q

Smoking rate

A

11.4%

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31
Q

Obese or overweight percentage

A

70.1%

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32
Q

Type of US health insurance system

A

Voluntary, private, employer-based and individual based

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33
Q

Healthcare system in which Government is payer and provider

A

National Healthcare system

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34
Q

Similar to national healthcare systems but less centralized

A

Regionally Administered universal Health insurance program

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35
Q

Highly regulated multiple payer healthcare system

A

Statutory mandatory health insurance systems

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36
Q

Triple aim

A

Improve population health, improve experience of care, decrease per capital cost

37
Q

4 aim of quadruple aim

A

Care team well being

38
Q

Control knobs of healthcare system

A

Financing, payment, organization, regulation, behavior

39
Q

All money that pays for the healthcare system

A

Financing

40
Q

Describes how funds collected through the healthcare system pay healthcare providers for the delivery of healthcare service

A

Payment

41
Q

Reimbursing a provider a set fee for delivering a specific procedure or service

A

Free for service

42
Q

Paying a flat per member per month amount to cover the full cost of care for a patient, no matter what services are provided

A

Capitation

43
Q

The mix of providers within a given healthcare market, including their structures, roles, and functions

A

Organization

44
Q

Where is care provided?

A

Inpatient, outpatient, long-term services and support, rehabilitation

45
Q

Levels of care

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary

46
Q

First point of contact between a patient and the healthcare system

A

Primary care

47
Q

Provided at request of PCP for more in-depth investigation of a specific concern

A

Secondary care

48
Q

Often via referral from primary or specialty vare for complex, high intensity, and serious illness

A

Tertiary care

49
Q

How state and federal governments oversee of different actors within the healthcare system

A

Regulation

50
Q

How we think about changing the way actors within the healthcare system behave-often providers and patients

A

Behavior

51
Q

Having an insurance cared which helped cover the cost of care when using services

A

Access to health insurance

52
Q

Timely use of personal health services to achieve the best health outcomes

A

Access to healthcare services

53
Q

Services covered trough your plan. Plan explains coverage for each type of service, whether it is subject to deductible, as well as copayment and coinsurance amounts

A

Benefits

54
Q

Amount paid monthly to have health insurance

A

Premium

55
Q

Beneficiary pays a flat fee per service or visit, at the point of service

A

Copayment

56
Q

Beneficiary pays a fixed percentage of medical bills. Often billed after care is provided

A

Coinsurance

57
Q

Amount the beneficiary pays before coverage kicks in.

A

Deductible

58
Q

Eligible individuals are entitled to defined set of benefits. States are entitled to federal matching funds

A

Medicaid entitlement

59
Q

ACÁ Medicaid expansion population

A

People living 138% below FPL

60
Q

Medicaid: Feds pay at least 50% of costs (can be as high as 74%). Formula is based on state per capital income

A

Federal Matching Assistance Percentage

61
Q

Expanded coverage to low-income children above Medicaid Eligibility Levels

A

CHIP

62
Q

1) Develop separate children’s health insurance program
2) Expand Medicaid Coverage
3) Combine these options

A

CHIP adoption in states

63
Q

CHIP Financing

A

Block grant, not an entitlement

64
Q

Medicare Part A

A

Hospital

65
Q

Medicare Part B

A

Doctor

66
Q

Medicare Part C

A

Medicare Advantage

67
Q

Medicare Part D

A

Prescription

68
Q

Services not covered by Medicare

A

Long term services and support, dental services, eyeglasses, hearing aids

69
Q

Insured all year but experienced one of the following:

1) Out of pocket expenses equaled 10% or more of income
2) Out of pocket expenses equaled 5% or more of income if low income
3) deductibles equaled %% or more of income

A

Underinsurance

70
Q

A structural or functional change in the body that is harmful to the organism. It occurs when the cellular environment changes to such a degree that tissues are no longer able to perform their functions optimally. (Non-experiential)

A

Disease

71
Q

A condition in which a person perceives that their usual state of health is compromised. This change in health is described in terms of symptoms or functional loss.

A

Illness

72
Q

Environment during fetal development can influence Epi genetic health circumstances later in life. Can cause a match or mismatch.

A

Developmental origins hypothesis

73
Q

When anatomically modern humans appeared in Africa

A

200k years ago

74
Q

Humans migrated out of Africa

A

60k-70k years ago

75
Q

Humans developed agriculture

A

12k years ago

76
Q

Ways inherited genomes contribute to disease

A

Chromosomal aneuploidy, single gene mutations, poly genetic SNPs

77
Q

Found that we were spending a lot of money in care but not getting desired improvements in population health.

A

Surgeon General’s Report 1979

78
Q

We tend to be blind to the influence of the environment because we are in equilibrium with it.

A

Variation within populations vs. variation external to the population

79
Q

When a physician attributes differences between patients they see to individual patients rather than to the environment, they may be likely to make a diagnostic error

A

Nominator/denomintor confusion

80
Q

Disease that involves many genes (ex. Type 2 Diabetes)

A

Thrifty genome hypothesis

81
Q

Near (physiologic) causes of disease

A

Proximal causes

82
Q

Underlying causes of disease

A

Distal causes

83
Q

Allows organisms to enhance their fitness by adjusting to different environmental circumstances

A

Developmental plasticity

84
Q

If sources of stress are constant (poverty, racism, or social isolation), they become maladaptive and induce permanent changes in the biology of multiple organ systems, many of which promote the development of chronic disease

A

Stress model of chronic disease

85
Q

According to 1979 Surgeon General Report, individual behavior is estimated to account ___ of the differences in mortality seen between groups stratified by socio-economic status.

A

20%

86
Q

4 categories determinants of health can be divided into

A

Genetic, developmental, behavioral, societal

87
Q

Social determinants can be further divided into these categories

A

Physical exposure and social position

88
Q

Refers to a condition in which an organism has successfully adapted to an environment over time

A

Allostasis

PHPM (4 decks)

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