Week 1

Question 1

Rests on the values or beliefs accepted by a particular society or group without systematic reflection or an attempt at justification

Answer 1

Morality

Question 2

Focuses on the reasons why an action is considered right or wrong. It requires the rational justification of positions and beliefs.

Answer 2

Ethics

Question 3

Semi-autonomous group of skilled individuals who posses similar credentials, standers of behavior, and motivation to serve. (3 rules of membership)

Answer 3

Profession

Question 4

Describes the extent to which members of a profession maintain a level of conduct equal or above an ethical threshold determined by the profession and accepted by society

Answer 4

Professionalism

Question 5

5 Essential attributes of a professional

Answer 5

Equanimity, Accountability, Self-Assurance, Respect, Impartiality

Question 6

Describes how an individual perceives their own please within the ranks of a profession and publicizes this perception to the outside world

Answer 6

Professional identity

Question 7

Requirements for formulating an ethical question

Answer 7

Clear, focused, specific, forward-looking, and action-oriented

Question 8

Formula for ethical question

Answer 8

Given the conflict between consideration 1 and consideration 2, is it ethically permissible to decision or action?

Question 9

3 categories of ethical action

Answer 9

Obligatory, permissible, prohibited

Question 10

Problem representation (one sentence) description of a case to guide diagnostic reasoning. Will evolve with additional information.

Answer 10

Problem representation

Question 11

Principles of health care ethics

Answer 11

Beneficence, respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, justice

Question 12

Freedom to live according to one’s values

Answer 12

Autonomy

Question 13

Acting to promote another’s best interest

Answer 13

Beneficence

Question 14

One ought not to inflict evil or harm

Answer 14

Non-maleficence

Question 15

Protect patients from discrimination and exploitation

Answer 15

Justice

Question 16

Two ways population health is being see

Answer 16

Public health perspective, delivery system perspective

Question 17

Componentes of Three-Legged Stool

Answer 17

Access, cost, and quality

Question 18

US hospital beds per 1000

Answer 18

2.8

Question 19

Physicians per 1000

Answer 19

2.6

Question 20

Primary care physicians in US

Answer 20

43%

Question 21

GDP spent on healthcare

Answer 21

17.8%

Question 22

Spending per capita

Answer 22

$9,403

Question 23

MRIs per 1000 people

Answer 23

118

Question 24

Spending per person on pharma

Answer 24

$1,143

Question 25

Amount spent on administration

Answer 25

8%

Question 26

Average GP salary

Answer 26

$218,000

Question 27

Life expectancy

Answer 27

78.8

Question 28

Infant deaths per 1000

Answer 28

5.8

Question 29

Maternal deaths per 100k

Answer 29

26.4

Question 30

Smoking rate

Answer 30

11.4%

Question 31

Obese or overweight percentage

Answer 31

70.1%

Question 32

Type of US health insurance system

Answer 32

Voluntary, private, employer-based and individual based

Question 33

Healthcare system in which Government is payer and provider

Answer 33

National Healthcare system

Question 34

Similar to national healthcare systems but less centralized

Answer 34

Regionally Administered universal Health insurance program

Question 35

Highly regulated multiple payer healthcare system

Answer 35

Statutory mandatory health insurance systems

Question 36

Triple aim

Answer 36

Improve population health, improve experience of care, decrease per capital cost

Question 37

4 aim of quadruple aim

Answer 37

Care team well being

Question 38

Control knobs of healthcare system

Answer 38

Financing, payment, organization, regulation, behavior

Question 39

All money that pays for the healthcare system

Answer 39

Financing

Question 40

Describes how funds collected through the healthcare system pay healthcare providers for the delivery of healthcare service

Answer 40

Payment

Question 41

Reimbursing a provider a set fee for delivering a specific procedure or service

Answer 41

Free for service

Question 42

Paying a flat per member per month amount to cover the full cost of care for a patient, no matter what services are provided

Answer 42

Capitation

Question 43

The mix of providers within a given healthcare market, including their structures, roles, and functions

Answer 43

Organization

Question 44

Where is care provided?

Answer 44

Inpatient, outpatient, long-term services and support, rehabilitation

Question 45

Levels of care

Answer 45

Primary, secondary, tertiary

Question 46

First point of contact between a patient and the healthcare system

Answer 46

Primary care

Question 47

Provided at request of PCP for more in-depth investigation of a specific concern

Answer 47

Secondary care

Question 48

Often via referral from primary or specialty vare for complex, high intensity, and serious illness

Answer 48

Tertiary care

Question 49

How state and federal governments oversee of different actors within the healthcare system

Answer 49

Regulation

Question 50

How we think about changing the way actors within the healthcare system behave-often providers and patients

Answer 50

Behavior

Question 51

Having an insurance cared which helped cover the cost of care when using services

Answer 51

Access to health insurance

Question 52

Timely use of personal health services to achieve the best health outcomes

Answer 52

Access to healthcare services

Question 53

Services covered trough your plan. Plan explains coverage for each type of service, whether it is subject to deductible, as well as copayment and coinsurance amounts

Answer 53

Benefits

Question 54

Amount paid monthly to have health insurance

Answer 54

Premium

Question 55

Beneficiary pays a flat fee per service or visit, at the point of service

Answer 55

Copayment

Question 56

Beneficiary pays a fixed percentage of medical bills. Often billed after care is provided

Answer 56

Coinsurance

Question 57

Amount the beneficiary pays before coverage kicks in.

Answer 57

Deductible

Question 58

Eligible individuals are entitled to defined set of benefits. States are entitled to federal matching funds

Answer 58

Medicaid entitlement

Question 59

ACÁ Medicaid expansion population

Answer 59

People living 138% below FPL

Question 60

Medicaid: Feds pay at least 50% of costs (can be as high as 74%). Formula is based on state per capital income

Answer 60

Federal Matching Assistance Percentage

Question 61

Expanded coverage to low-income children above Medicaid Eligibility Levels

Answer 61

CHIP

Question 62

1) Develop separate children’s health insurance program 2) Expand Medicaid Coverage 3) Combine these options

Answer 62

CHIP adoption in states

Question 63

CHIP Financing

Answer 63

Block grant, not an entitlement

Question 64

Medicare Part A

Answer 64

Hospital

Question 65

Medicare Part B

Answer 65

Doctor

Question 66

Medicare Part C

Answer 66

Medicare Advantage

Question 67

Medicare Part D

Answer 67

Prescription

Question 68

Services not covered by Medicare

Answer 68

Long term services and support, dental services, eyeglasses, hearing aids

Question 69

Insured all year but experienced one of the following: 1) Out of pocket expenses equaled 10% or more of income 2) Out of pocket expenses equaled 5% or more of income if low income 3) deductibles equaled %% or more of income

Answer 69

Underinsurance

Question 70

A structural or functional change in the body that is harmful to the organism. It occurs when the cellular environment changes to such a degree that tissues are no longer able to perform their functions optimally. (Non-experiential)

Answer 70

Disease

Question 71

A condition in which a person perceives that their usual state of health is compromised. This change in health is described in terms of symptoms or functional loss.

Answer 71

Illness

Question 72

Environment during fetal development can influence Epi genetic health circumstances later in life. Can cause a match or mismatch.

Answer 72

Developmental origins hypothesis

Question 73

When anatomically modern humans appeared in Africa

Answer 73

200k years ago

Question 74

Humans migrated out of Africa

Answer 74

60k-70k years ago

Question 75

Humans developed agriculture

Answer 75

12k years ago

Question 76

Ways inherited genomes contribute to disease

Answer 76

Chromosomal aneuploidy, single gene mutations, poly genetic SNPs

Question 77

Found that we were spending a lot of money in care but not getting desired improvements in population health.

Answer 77

Surgeon General’s Report 1979

Question 78

We tend to be blind to the influence of the environment because we are in equilibrium with it.

Answer 78

Variation within populations vs. variation external to the population

Question 79

When a physician attributes differences between patients they see to individual patients rather than to the environment, they may be likely to make a diagnostic error

Answer 79

Nominator/denomintor confusion

Question 80

Disease that involves many genes (ex. Type 2 Diabetes)

Answer 80

Thrifty genome hypothesis

Question 81

Near (physiologic) causes of disease

Answer 81

Proximal causes

Question 82

Underlying causes of disease

Answer 82

Distal causes

Question 83

Allows organisms to enhance their fitness by adjusting to different environmental circumstances

Answer 83

Developmental plasticity

Question 84

If sources of stress are constant (poverty, racism, or social isolation), they become maladaptive and induce permanent changes in the biology of multiple organ systems, many of which promote the development of chronic disease

Answer 84

Stress model of chronic disease

Question 85

According to 1979 Surgeon General Report, individual behavior is estimated to account ___ of the differences in mortality seen between groups stratified by socio-economic status.

Answer 85

20%

Question 86

4 categories determinants of health can be divided into

Answer 86

Genetic, developmental, behavioral, societal

Question 87

Social determinants can be further divided into these categories

Answer 87

Physical exposure and social position

Question 88

Refers to a condition in which an organism has successfully adapted to an environment over time

Answer 88

Allostasis