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PA1: Pharmacology > Week 1 Antibiotics: Cell Wall ✅ > Flashcards

Week 1 Antibiotics: Cell Wall ✅ Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 antibiotic target sites?

A

Cell wall
DNA
Protein synthesis in ribosomes

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2
Q

What are the 3 cell wall group antibiotics?

A

β-lactams
Vancomycin
Bacitracin/Polymyxin

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of β-lactams?

A

Penicillins
Carbapenems
Cephalosporin
Monobactams

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4
Q

What is the difference between gram +ve and -ve?

A

Gram-ve has an extra layer of lipopolysaccharide

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5
Q

What are the layers of gram+ve bacteria?

A

Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Peptidoglycan

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6
Q

What are the layers of gram-ve bacteria?

A

Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Peptidoglycan
Lipopolysaccharide

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7
Q

What layer of bacteria stains in a gram stain?

A

Peptidoglycan

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8
Q

What is the function of peptidoglycan?

A

Determine shape and structure of the bacteria e.g. rod, cone, sphere
Cross-linked to provide strength

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9
Q

Are Penicillins more effective in gram+ve or -ve bacteria?

A

Gram +ve

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10
Q

What is the site of action of Penicillin?

A

Transpeptidase enzyme

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11
Q

How does Penicillin work? MOA in bacteria?

A

β-lactam ring binds to transpeptidase enzyme and inhibits the cross linking in the cell wall so it loses strength and cell membrane is exposed to osmotic damage

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12
Q

What is Pen G also known as?

A

Benzylpenicillin

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13
Q

What is Pen G used for?

A

Severe infection

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14
Q

How is Pen G administered?

A

Injection as degraded in the stomach

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15
Q

What is Pen V also known as?

A

Phenoxymethylpenicillin

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16
Q

What is Pen V used for?

A

Strep throat

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17
Q

How is Pen V administered?

A

Oral

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18
Q

What does streptococcal bacteria cause?

A

Pneumonia and endocarditis

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19
Q

What does clostridia bacteria cause?

A

Tetanus

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20
Q

What does meningococcal bacteria cause?

A

Meningitis and septicaemia

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21
Q

What is Amoxicillin used to treat?

A

Pneumonia, UTI, hospital-acquired pneumonia, H. pylori

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22
Q

Is Amoxicillin broad spec or narrow spec Penicillin?

A

Main broad spectrum - benefit includes doesn’t have to identify bacteria first

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23
Q

What is a side effect of Amoxicillin?

A

Diarrhoea - influences the gut biome
Can cause C. diff and colitis

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24
Q

Is Amoxicillin metabolised by the liver?

A

No

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25
What is Flucloxacillin used to treat?
Skin infection
26
What is different about the structure of Flucloxacillin?
No β-lactam ring
27
What is β-lactamase?
Produced by bacteria to break β-lactam ring in Penicillin
28
What is Co-Amoxiclav?
Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid
29
What is the mechanism of action of Co-Amoxiclav?
Inhibits β-lactamase Otherwise has no antibacterial action so thats why it needs dual drugs
30
Is Pen V broad spec or narrow spec?
Narrow spec
31
What are the characteristics of pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Gram-ve Affects catheters and ventilators in COVID
32
How does Tazocin work?
Penetrates gram-ve cell wall easily
33
How is Tazocin administered?
IV infusion only
34
What is Tazocin made up of?
Piperacillin and Tazobactam
35
What is Tazocin used to treat?
Broad spec SEVERE infections
36
What is Penicillin hypersensitivity?
Cytotoxic T-cell mediated Anaphylaxis Immune complex mediated Skin rash, itchy
37
What is the Penicillin cross sensitivity traffic light system?
Green - DNA/protein synthesis antibiotics Orange - β-lactam antibiotics Red - contains all penicillins
38
What is Penicillin neurotoxicity?
β-lactam antibiotics inhibit GABA-A receptor and damage BBB
39
What are the effects of Penicillin neurotoxicity?
Encephalopathy Severe renal failure DO NOT INJECT INTRATHECAL (CSF)
40
Name 4 Cephalosporins
Cefalexin Cefuroxime Cefotaxime Ceftaroline Fosamil
41
What is Cefalexin used to treat?
Pneumonia, UTI, skin infections
42
How is Cefalexin administered?
Injected (secondary care)
43
What is Cefuroxime used to treat?
H. influenzae, CAP, Lyme disease
44
How is Cefuroxime administered?
Oral or injection
45
What is the advantage of Cefalexin?
Less susceptible to β-lactamase enzyme
46
What is the advantage of Cefuroxime?
Resistant to more β-lactamases than Cefalexin More -ve then +ve
47
What is Cefotaxime used to treat?
Pneumonia, community acquired meningitis, gonorrhoea, Lyme disease, H. influenzae, Neisseria, Enterobacter inc. E. coli (not pseudomonas A)
48
How is Cefotaxime administered?
Injection only
49
What is the advantage of Cefotaxime?
Resistant to more β-lactamases than Cefalexin More -ve then +ve
50
What is Ceftaroline Fosamil used to treat?
Gram+ve MRSA Skin infections
51
What are the features of Ceftaroline Fosamil?
Prodrug Broad spec (weaker -ve)
52
How is Ceftaroline Fosamil administered?
IV infusion
53
What is an example of a Carbapenem?
Meropenem
54
How do Carbapenems work?
Less susceptibility to β-lactamase + INHIBIT
55
What is Carbapenems used to treat?
Multiple drug resistant organisms, complicated infections - broadest spectrum available for both -ve and +ve
56
How is Meropenem administered?
IV
57
How do bacteria transfer mutations?
Transduction Conjugation Transformation
58
Give an example of a Monobactam
Aztreonam
59
What does Aztreonam used to treat?
Pseudomonas A
60
How does Aztreonam work?
High affinity for Penicillin binding protein 3 (PBP-3) on ONLY -VE bacteria
61
How is Aztreonam delivered?
IV/IM/inhaled
62
When might you choose to prescribe Aztreonam instead of Penicillin?
Penicillin allergy
63
What is Vancomycin used to treat?
C. diff Resistent and serious infections
64
How does Vancomycin work?
Prevents sugars from linking up to form outside of the cell
65
What bacteria does Vancomycin work on?
Gram +ve only
66
What part of the body is Vancomycin good for treating and why?
GI tract Not absorbed in the GI tract so treats adverse effects of other antibiotics e.g. C. diff
67
Why does caution need to be taken with Vancomycin?
Narrow therapeutic window Ear and kidney toxicity Rapid IV infusion - thrombophlebitis, red neck syndrome
68

PA1: Pharmacology (8 decks)

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