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Nutritional Biochemistry - MSN 6200 > Week 1 - Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 - Chapter 1 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic

A

Eukaryotic - nucleus, animals, plant, fungi

Prokaryotic - unicellular, bacteria and archaea

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2
Q

Phospholipids in plasma membrane

A

phosphoglycerides + phosphingolipids

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3
Q

The plasma membrane (3 functions)

A

1) Isolates the cell’s internal and external environments
2) Regulates flow of materials into and out of the cell
3) Allows for interaction with other cells

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4
Q

The plasma membrane is _______ - the inside and outside faces are _____

A

asymmetrical, different

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5
Q

More cholesterol in plasma membrane =

A

less fluid

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6
Q

Glycocalyx definition

A

layers of carbohydrate on the cell’s outer surface

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7
Q

Glycocalyx is thought to act as

A

specificity markers for the cell and as an antennae to pick up signals

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8
Q

Cytoplasmic matrix definition

A

a structure within the cytosol that makes up the cytoskeleton
= cytoskeleton + fluid

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9
Q

Cytoplasmic matrix provides (4 functions)

A

1) Structural support
2) Framework for positioning organelles
3) Network to direct movement inside cell
4) Means of independent locomotion for specialized cells

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10
Q

3 components of the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

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11
Q

Fluid of cytoplasmic matrix contains

A

small molecules such as glucose, AA, oxygen, and CO2

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12
Q

Microtubules

A

rigid structures that provide mechanical support for the cell to determine its shape

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13
Q

Microfilaments are

A

assembled/disassembled for locomotion, changes in cell shape, phagocytosis etc

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14
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

provide mechanical strength to cells

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15
Q

Cytoplasmic matrix also functions in

A

intercellular communication, transfer of DNA/RNA

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16
Q

The structural arrangement of the cytoplasmic matrix may influence

A

all metabolic pathways including glycolysis, FA synthesis etc.

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17
Q

Mitochondria - site of

A

energy production, oxygen use, cellular respiration

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18
Q

Outer mito membrane is

A

porous

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19
Q

Inner mito membrane is (2)

A

folded to increase SA, selectively permeable

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20
Q

Inner mito membrane is the site of

A

ETC

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21
Q

ETC is central to the process of

A

ox phos

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22
Q

The function of the ETC is to

A

couple the energy released by nutrient oxidation to the formation of ATP

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23
Q

Nuclear envelope is composed of

A

2 bilayer membranes (inner and outer)

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24
Q

Nucleoli is

A

condensed chromatin - contains DNA, histones, and RNA

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25
Nucleus activity
initiates and regulates most cellular activities
26
Chromatin is the
spread out form of DNA, condenses into chromosomes when ready to divide
27
DNA BP
ATGC
28
RNA BP
AUGC
29
Nucleotide pairing (complementary base pairing) occurs by
hydrogen bonds
30
Cell transcription uses what enzyme
RNA polymerase
31
After transcription,
splicing of introns by spliceosome - mature mRNA leaves nucleus
32
mRNA is synthesized in the ______ then moves to ______
nucleus, rough ER
33
What brings AA to mRNA on ribosomes?
tRNA
34
If the abundance of a protein increases, it's most likely due to
increased translation
35
The primary mechanism by which gene expression is modified by bioactive factors in food appears to be
interaction with transcription factors
36
Western blot -
proteins separate by weight, electrical separation
37
Can be used to see if treatment with a drug increased protein expression
Western blot
38
Sequencing protein can be done by
first separating on western blot
39
Southern blot separates
DNA
40
Northern blot separates
RNA
41
Smooth ER is associated with what function
lipid synthesis
42
Rough ER associated with what function
protein synthesis
43
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is
smooth ER in muscle
44
Sarcoplasmic reticulum contains the
calcium ion pump - a necessity for the contractile process
45
The ER is a quality control organelle in that...
it prevents proteins that have not achieved normal tertiary or quaternary structure from reaching the cell surface
46
Golgi is further from nucleus than
ER
47
Golgi function
protein trafficking and sorting - packages materials into vesicles for transport and folds proteins into usable shapes or adds lipids/carbs
48
Cis-golgi
entrance
49
Trans-golgi
exit
50
Golgi connected to ER by
transport vesicles
51
What dictates what protein goes where?
Leader sequence at the amino end of the protein
52
Lysosomes and peroxisomes similarity
look similar, bundles of enzymes surrounded by a single membrane
53
Lysosomes function nickname
cell's digestive system, recycling center
54
Peroxisomes function overall
site of oxidative catabolic reactions, detox
55
Lysosomes 4 functions
phagocytosis, autolysis, bone resorption, hormone secretion and regulation
56
Phagocytosis
foreign substances taken up by the cell are digested
57
Autolysis
intracellular components, including organelles, are digested
58
Peroxisomes 3 functions
oxidize FA to acetyl CoA, AA catabolism, detox reactions
59
Intracellular stimuli of apoptosis (3)
1) DNA damage 2) Release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm 3) hypoxia
60
Extracellular stimuli of apoptosis
Tumor necrosis factor hormones
61
3 mechanisms of apoptosis
intracellular, extracellular, oncosis (cellular swelling)
62
Dead cells are removed by
phagocytosis
63
With apoptosis cell contents are
never released into the extracellular fluid
64
Apoptosis (programmed cell death) vs pathological cell death
pathological - causes inflammation and possible autoimmune reactions
65
The mitochondrial membrane protein ____ can prevent apoptosis by blocking the release of cyt c
bcl-2
66
Both these vitamins are involved in cell death/survival pathways
retinoic acid form of vitamin A and vitamin D
67
3 types of cellular proteins
receptors, transport proteins, enzymes
68
CAM is
cell adhesion molecule - protein that binds one cell to another
69
Cell identity marker protein
Glycoprotein that distinguishes identity, can distinguish self from foreign
70
3 types of receptors
1) Internal chemical signal 2) Ion channel 3) Internalization stimulus
71
Internal chemical signal receptor example
cAMP - activates proteins that phosphorylate (activate/deactivate) enzymes
72
Ion channel receptor type
binding of ligand signals channel to open allowing ions (ex: sodium) through
73
Internalization stimulus receptor
ligand binds with receptor, ligand and receptor move into a clathrin-coated pit, pit closes off and forms a vesicle, ligand is used by cell or undergoes lysosomal degradation, receptor is recycled to membrane
74
Interalization stimulus receptor examples
insulin, triiodothyronine
75
Transport proteins can be...
channels (always open) of gated ion channels
76
Proteins can act as a transporter but also have
a secondary role (ex: enzyme)
77
Vmax
enzyme velocity at substrate saturation - no matter how much more substrate you give the reaction rate has topped out
78
Km
Michaelis-Menton constant; concentration of a substrate when reaction is at 1/2 of Vmax
79
High Km = ___ affinity of enzyme for substrate
low affinity; they're inversely related
80
If a reaction is reversible it means
the same enzyme can catalyze a reaction in both directions
81
3 modes of enzyme regulation
1) Covalent modification 2) Modulation of allosteric enzymes 3) Enzyme induction
82
Covalent modification of enzymes means
an enzyme is inactive until a modification is made (ex: phosphorylation)
83
Allosteric site
any site on an enzyme other than the active site
84
Allosteric modulators work by
changing the conformation of parts of the enzyme; may be positive or negative
85
Enzyme induction
changes in concentration of inducible enzymes; increasing enzyme synthesis or blocking mRNA production for enzyme
86
Diagnostic enzymology
focuses on measuring serum levels of enzymes which indicates the cell is damaged and thus has leaked enzymes
87
Conditions for (enzyme) diagnostic suitability (4)
1) Organ/tissue specific 2) Steep concentration gradient between cell and surroundings 3) Must function in cytoplasm 4) Must be stable
88
1 cal = _ J
4.18
89
ATP synthesis is what type of reaction
endothermic, requiring energy, "uphill"
90
Exothermic reactions still require
a catalyst
91
The quantity of energy release in an exothermic reaction is ____ the quantity required for the reverse endothermic reaction
the same as
92
Activation energy
the energy needed to raise the energy of a reactant sufficiently to cause an exothermic reaction to occur
93
Nutrigenomics (4 principles)
1) Environmental factors have an effect on the expression of genes 2) Identifying which genes respond to which environmental factors 3) Defining the mechanisms involved 4) Determining useful health-related application of these interactions

Nutritional Biochemistry - MSN 6200 (2 decks)

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