week 1 content

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

= structure (e.g. shovel = wooden shaft and handle)

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

=function (e.g. shovel= shaft provides strength and control)

Question 3

John us studying advanced anatomy at Deakin Uni. therefore he is learning what?

Answer 3

prominent body landmarks

Question 4

6 levels of organisation in the body

Answer 4

• 1st = atomic and chemical level
• 2nd - cellular level
• 3rd = tissue level
• 4th = organ
• 5th = organ system
• 6th = organsim

Question 5

chemical level

Answer 5

atoms bond to form molecules with three-dimensional structures

e.g. hydrogen atoms, oxygen atoms and water molecules

Question 6

cellular level

Answer 6

Various molecules combine to form the fluid and the organelles of a body cell.
e.g. smooth muscle cell and cell fluid

Question 7

tissue level

Answer 7

a community of similar cells form a body tissue
e.g. smooth muscle tissue

Question 8

organ level

Answer 8

two or more different tissues combine to form an organ
e.g. bladder and skeletal muscle

Question 9

organ system level

Answer 9

two or more organs work closely together to perform the functions of a body system
e.g. kidney and urethra

Question 10

organismal level

Answer 10

many organs system work harmoniously together to perform the functions of an independent organism

Question 11

simpler form

Answer 11

chemical level = atoms combine to form molecules

cellular level = cells are made up of molecules

tissue level = tissues consist of similar types of cells

organ level = organs are made up of different types of tissues

organ system level = organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely

organismal level = human organisms are made up of many organ systems

Question 12

list the organ systems of the human body

Answer 12

integumentary system
skeletal system
muscular system
nervous system
endocrine system
cardiovascular system
lymphatic system
respiratory system
digestive system
urinary system
reproductive system

Question 13

integumentary system
structure and functions

Answer 13

structures= skin, hair, sweat glands

functions = protect against environmental hazards, regulation of body temp, provides sensory info

Question 14

skeletal system
structure and function

Answer 14

structures= bones, cartilage, ligaments
functions= support and protect other tissues, stores calcium and minerals

Question 15

muscular system
structure and fucntions

Answer 15

structures= skeletal muscles, tendons
functions= movement, protection and support for tissues, generates heat

Question 16

nervous system
structure and function

Answer 16

structure= brain, spinal cord, sense organs
functions directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinate activities of other organ systems

Question 17

endocrine system
structure and function

Answer 17

structure= pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas
functions= directs long term changes in activities of other organ systems and adjusts metabolic activity and energy use

Question 18

cardiovascular system
structure and function

Answer 18

structure = heart, blood, blood vessels
functions= distributes blood cells, water, nutrients, waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide. distributes heat.

Question 19

lymphatic system
structure and function

Answer 19

structure = spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels
functions= defends against infection and disease, return tissue fluids to the bloodstream

Question 20

respiratory system
structure and function

Answer 20

structure = nasal cavities, sinus, lungs
functions = delivers air to alveoli, provides oxygen to bloodstream, produces sounds.

Question 21

digestive system
structure and function

Answer 21

structure= teeth, tongue, small intestine
functions = processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients

Question 22

urinary system
structure and function

Answer 22

structure= kidneys, ureters and urethra
functions=: excretes waste products from blood, store urine prior to elimination.

Question 23

reproductive system
structure and function

Answer 23

structure the reproductive tracts, the mammary glands, the testes and ovaries
function produce sex cells, e.g. sperm, produce hormones

Question 24

anatomical landmarks

Answer 24

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Question 25

stomach landmarks

Answer 25

right upper quadrant (RUQ) left upper quadrant (LUQ) right lower quadrant (RLQ) left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Question 26

List the chemical elements that make up most of the human body.

Answer 26

Most abundant element oxygen making up 65% of the body weight Followed by = carbon at 18.5% - Hydrogen at 9.5% - Nitrogen at 3.2%. The 4 elements make up over 96% of the total body weight.

Question 28

what the 4 elements look like within the body :

Answer 28

* Water (H₂O) is made of hydrogen and oxygen. * Carbohydrates and fats are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO). Fats just have a little less oxygen. * Proteins are built from amino acids, which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON). * DNA includes carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CHONP). * Bones are mainly made of calcium and phosphorus.

Question 29

List the properties of Water that make it important for living things

Answer 29

solubility, reactivity, high heat capacity and lubrication

Question 30

solubility

Answer 30

inorganic and organic molecules can dissolve to become a solution hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Question 31

reactivity

Answer 31

a chemical property where a substance reacts with water, often resulting in a new product

Question 32

high heat capacity

Answer 32

it takes a lot of energy to raise its temperature, is due to the strong hydrogen bonds between water molecules, which require a significant amount of energy to break.

Question 33

lubrication

Answer 33

lubrication and water are similar acting in joints and where smooth movemetn occurs in the body. e.g. synovial fluid and joints

Question 34

List the properties of acids, bases and salts.

Answer 34

acids = releases H+ into solution (aqueous) base = removes H+ from solution salt = compound made of ions other than H+ and OH-

Question 35

Describe the pH scale and define acidity and alkalinity

Answer 35

is a measurement system used to determine the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a solution. It ranges from 0 to 14 and is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution. Here's a breakdown of the pH scale: formula in notes pH = a measure of H+ concentration in solution neutral = pH= 7 acidic= pH= <7 basic = pH = >7

Question 36

buffers

Answer 36

compounds that balance the pH of a solution HCI + NaOH -> H2O + NaCI= bad example H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3-

Question 37

Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds

Answer 37

Chemistry perspective, organic molecules are those that contain both carbon and hydrogen, regardless of whether it came from a living organism. inorganic molecules do not contain carbon and hydrogen

Question 38

list the 5 organic compounds.

Answer 38

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids (e.g. DNA) and high energy compounds (e.g. ATP)

Question 39

Distinguish between carbohydrate, lipid, protein

Answer 39

carbohydrates= carbon: hydrogen: oxygen - 1:2:1 monosaccharides= glucose disaccharides = sucrose (table sugar) polysaccharides = starch, glycogen lipids = carbon : hydrogen : 1:2 (much less oxygen than CHOs) - important structural elements of cells and provide twice as much energy as CHOs. proteins= carbon: oxygen : nitrogen - (CHOs) - support = structure and strength - movement = contractile - transport = carrier molecules - buffering = maintaining pH - metabolic regulation = enzyme reactions - coordination and control = hormones - defence= external and internal protein structure= made up of long chains of amino acids

Question 40

protein shape

Answer 40

primary structure= single chain of amino acids secondary chain= helix, pleated sheet tertiary structure = 3d coiling and folding quaternary structure= 2 or more protein chains interacting

Question 41

Describe the structure of nucleic acids and high energy compounds

Answer 41

Nucleic Acids: Essential for all life. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains genetic information. High-Energy Compounds: Contain phosphate-phosphate bonds that store potential energy. Energy is released through hydrolysis.

Question 42

nucleic acid structure

Answer 42

DNA RNA

Question 43

High energy compounds structure

Answer 43

phosphate (PO43-) group

Question 44

Explain the concept of homeostasis and its significance for organisms

Answer 44

Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a constant internal environment. - body temp - body fluid composition - body fluid volume

Question 45

homeostasis and disease

Answer 45

infection, injury, stress or genetic abnormality can overwhelm homeostatic mechanisms resulting in malfunction of organ systems and illness or disease

Question 46

2 mechanisms of homeostatic regulation

Answer 46

auto-regulation (intrinsic regulation) = local level - change occurs automatically within the cell, tissues, organ or organ system extrinsic regulation= systemic level - change involves nervous system and endocrine system

Question 47

3 parts of regulatory mechanism

Answer 47

a receptor a control centre an effector

Question 48

receptors

Answer 48

thermoreceptors machanoreceptors chemoreceptors

Question 49

control centre

Answer 49

nervous system (brain) endocrine system

Question 50

effectors

Answer 50

muscle, cardio system, digestive system ect

Question 51

Describe how positive and negative feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation.

Answer 51

in notes

Question 52

Discuss the homeostatic mechanisms that maintain a constant body temperature

Answer 52

thermoregulation The control centre for thermoregulation is where? hypothalamus

Question 53

Identify heat loss and heat gain mechanisms.

Answer 53

Heat loss mechanisms=: activate vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels, increase radiation and convective heat loss e.g. shivering thermogenesis heat gain mechanisms= heat retention, vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels e.g. non shivering thermogensis