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Week 1 Content Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main body cavities?

A
  • Cranial cavity
  • Thoracic cavity
  • Abdominal cavity
  • Pelvic cavity
  • Pleural cavity
  • Pericardial cavity

These cavities house vital organs and are lined with membranes.

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2
Q

What is the function of secretory serous membranes?

A

Produces fluid, prevents friction, allows for movement

These membranes line body cavities and organs, facilitating smooth movement.

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3
Q

What is the pleural cavity also known as?

A

Pleura

This membrane surrounds the lungs.

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4
Q

What is the pericardial cavity also known as?

A

Pericardium

This membrane surrounds the heart.

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5
Q

What is the abdominal cavity also known as?

A

Peritoneum

This membrane lines the abdominal cavity.

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6
Q

Define ‘superior’ in directional terms.

A

Towards the head, or the upper part of the structure

Example: Heart is superior to the liver.

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7
Q

Define ‘inferior’ in directional terms.

A

Away from the head, or the lower part of the structure

Example: Stomach is inferior to the lungs.

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8
Q

Define ‘anterior’ in directional terms.

A

Nearer to or at the front of the body

Example: Sternum is anterior to the heart.

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9
Q

Define ‘posterior’ in directional terms.

A

Nearer to or at the back of the body

Example: Oesophagus is posterior to the trachea.

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10
Q

Define ‘medial’ in directional terms.

A

Nearer to the midline

Example: Ulna is medial to the radius.

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11
Q

Define ‘lateral’ in directional terms.

A

Farther from the midline

Example: Lungs are lateral to the heart.

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12
Q

Define ‘ipsilateral’ in directional terms.

A

On the same side of the body as another structure

Example: Left wrist is ipsilateral to the left ankle.

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13
Q

Define ‘contralateral’ in directional terms.

A

On the opposite side of the body from another structure

Example: Gallbladder is contralateral to your left lung.

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14
Q

Define ‘proximal’ in directional terms.

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk

Example: Humerus is proximal to the radius.

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15
Q

Define ‘distal’ in directional terms.

A

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk

Example: Phalanges are distal to the carpals.

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16
Q

Define ‘superficial’ in directional terms.

A

Towards or on the surface of the body

Example: Ribs are superficial to the lungs.

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17
Q

Define ‘deep’ in directional terms.

A

Away from the surface of the body

Example: Ribs are deep to the skin.

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18
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Splits body into left and right sides

Sagittal planes can be mid-sagittal or para-sagittal.

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19
Q

What is the coronal (frontal) plane?

A

Splits body from front to back

This plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

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20
Q

What is the transverse (horizontal) plane?

A

Divides body into upper portions and lower portions

This plane is also known as the axial plane.

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21
Q

What is the oblique plane?

A

Any other plane throughout the body

These planes are not strictly horizontal or vertical.

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23
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus in the brain?

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A

Regulates various bodily functions through hormonal control

The hypothalamus plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis.

24
Q

What stops the hypothalamus center?

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A

Negative feedback

Negative feedback mechanisms help maintain balance in bodily functions.

25
What amplifies the response in the body?
Positive feedback ## Footnote Positive feedback increases the effects of a process, such as during childbirth.
26
What is the midsagittal plane?
A plane that divides the body into equal halves ## Footnote The midsagittal plane is also known as the median plane.
27
What is the parasagittal plane?
A plane that divides the body into unequal halves ## Footnote This plane is parallel to the midsagittal plane.
28
What does the frontal (coronal) plane divide?
Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections ## Footnote This plane is useful for viewing the body in front and back perspectives.
29
What does the transverse plane divide?
Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts ## Footnote This plane is also referred to as the horizontal plane.
30
What are the six characteristics of all living things?
* Growth * Metabolism * Responsiveness * Movement * Reproduction * Differentiation ## Footnote These characteristics are essential for defining life.
31
What is growth in living organisms?
Increasing size of cells (hypertrophy) or number of cells (hyperplasia) ## Footnote Examples include muscle mass increase and callus formation.
32
What is metabolism?
All chemical reactions in the body, including catabolism and anabolism ## Footnote Metabolism encompasses all processes that convert food into energy.
33
What is catabolism?
The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones ## Footnote Catabolic processes release energy by breaking down molecules.
34
What is anabolism?
The process of building complex molecules from smaller ones ## Footnote Anabolic processes require energy input.
35
What does responsiveness refer to in living organisms?
The ability to respond to internal and external environments ## Footnote Nerve and muscle cells are key players in responsiveness.
36
What types of movement are observed in living organisms?
* Whole body movement * Individual organ movement * Single cell movement * Organelle movement ## Footnote Movement is necessary for survival and interaction with the environment.
37
What is reproduction in biological terms?
The formation of new cells through mitosis or the creation of new organisms ## Footnote Reproduction is essential for growth and the continuation of species.
38
What is differentiation in cellular biology?
The process by which stem cells develop into specialized cells ## Footnote Differentiation allows for the formation of various cell types with specific functions.
39
What is the structural organization of living things?
* Molecules * Cells * Tissues * Organs * Organ systems * Organism ## Footnote This hierarchy illustrates the complexity of life.
40
What are the four types of tissues in the human body?
* Epithelial * Connective (e.g. Bone) * Muscular * Nervous ## Footnote Each tissue type has specialized functions and characteristics.
41
What are primary organs?
Organs composed of two or more different types of tissues ## Footnote Primary organs perform specific functions essential for survival.
42
What are accessory organs?
Organs that assist primary organs in their functions ## Footnote Accessory organs support the primary organs in various biological processes.
43
What is homeostasis?
The state of relative stability of the body's internal environment ## Footnote Homeostasis involves the regulation of internal conditions to maintain stability despite external changes.
44
Name a branch of anatomy that focuses on the development of organisms.
Embryology ## Footnote Embryology studies the formation and development of embryos.
45
What does histology study?
The microscopic structure of tissues ## Footnote Histology is crucial for understanding how tissues function and their role in health and disease.
46
List three branches of physiology.
* Neurophysiology * Endocrinology * Cardiovascular physiology ## Footnote Each branch focuses on different systems and functions within the body.
47
What is the basic definition of homeostasis?
The regulation of conditions inside the body to maintain a stable internal environment ## Footnote This regulation occurs in response to both internal and external conditions.
48
Fill in the blank: Homeostasis maintains the concentration of _______ in the internal environment.
nutrients ## Footnote Nutrients are essential for cellular functions and overall health.
49
What are the targets of homeostatic control?
* Concentration of nutrients * Concentration of O2 and CO2 * Concentration of waste products * pH of the internal environment * Concentration of salts and other electrolytes * Temperature ## Footnote These targets are crucial for sustaining life and proper bodily functions.
50
True or False: Homeostasis only involves temperature regulation.
False ## Footnote Homeostasis involves multiple factors, including nutrient concentration, pH, and more.
51
What is the role of the thyroid gland in homeostasis?
It regulates metabolism and energy levels ## Footnote The thyroid gland is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis.
52
What is the focus of exercise physiology?
The study of the body's responses to physical activity ## Footnote Exercise physiology examines how exercise affects bodily functions and health.
53
Name a branch of anatomy that studies the structure of the body using imaging techniques.
Imaging anatomy ## Footnote Imaging anatomy uses technologies like MRI and CT scans to visualize internal structures.

Bioscience (2 decks)

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